SS Storaa
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image | Ship image = | Ship caption = }} {{Infobox ship career | Hide header = | Ship name =*Wellpark (1918–28)
| Ship owner =*Denholm Line Steamers Ltd (1918–28)
| Ship operator =*J & J Denholm Ltd (1918–28)
| Ship registry =*{{Flagicon|UKGBI|civil}}Greenock (1918–23)
| Ship route = | Ship ordered = | Ship builder = Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Co Ltd | Ship original cost = | Ship yard number = 371 | Ship way number = | Ship laid down = | Ship launched = 30 October 1917 | Ship completed = April 1918 | Ship christened = | Ship acquired = | Ship maiden voyage = | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = 1942–1943 | Ship identification =*Code Letters MNRA (1928-34)
| Ship fate = Torpedoed and sunk | Ship notes = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship type = Cargo ship | Ship tonnage =*{{GRT|1980}}
| Ship displacement = | Ship length = {{convert|280|ft|0|in|m|2|abbr=on}} | Ship beam = {{convert|41|ft|9|in|m|2|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draught = {{convert|18|ft|1|in|m|2|abbr=on}} | Ship draft = | Ship depth = {{convert|18|ft|9|in|m|2|abbr=on}} | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship ramps = | Ship ice class = | Ship sail plan = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = Triple expansion steam engine | Ship speed = | Ship capacity = | Ship crew = | Ship notes = }} |
Storaa was a {{GRT|1980|link=off}} cargo ship which was built in 1918 by the Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company as Wellpark for British owners. In 1927, she was sold to Belgium and was renamed Navex. A further sale in 1937 saw her renamed Prina. In 1938, she was sold to the Netherlands and was renamed Willy. In 1939, she was sold to Denmark and was renamed Storaa.
She was detained at Casablanca, Morocco, in 1940 and subsequently taken over by the Vichy Government and renamed Saint Edmond. In November 1942, she was scuttled at Port Lyautey. Saint Edmond was raised in January 1943, and passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT), regaining her previous name Storaa. On 3 November 1943, Storaa was torpedoed and sunk by German Fast attack S 138 off Hastings whilst a member of Convoy CW 221.
Description
The ship was built as yard number 371 in 1918 by the Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company, Grangemouth. She was completed in April 1918.{{cite web
|url = http://www.belgischekoopvaardij.net/belgian%20merchant%20H-O%2024.5.04.pdf
|title = Belgian Merchant H-O
|publisher = Belgische Koopvaardij
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
The ship was {{convert|280|ft|0|in|m|2}} long, with a beam of {{convert|41|ft|9|in|m|2}}. She had a depth of {{convert|18|ft|9|in|m|2}} and a draught of {{convert|18|ft|1|in|m|2}}.{{cite web
|url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0838.pdf
|title = LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS
|publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}}
The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of {{convert|21|in|cm}}, {{convert|35|in|cm}} and {{convert|57|in|cm}} diameter by {{convert|36|in|cm}} stroke. The engine was built by Dunsmuir & Jackson Ltd, Glasgow.
History
Wellpark was one of a series of six ships built by Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company for Denholm Line Steamers Ltd, the others being Broompark, Denpark, Elmpark, Hazelpark and Heathpark.{{cite web
|url=http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/community/cultural_services/museums/archives/finding_aids/PDFs/business/shipmakers.pdf
|title=Records of Businesses, Shipmaking, Shipping Industry, Marine Engines
|publisher=Falkirk Council
|access-date=28 November 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231044/http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/community/cultural_services/museums/archives/finding_aids/PDFs/business/shipmakers.pdf
|archive-date=3 June 2011
}} She was operated under the management of J & J Denholm Ltd. Her port of registry was Greenock. The United Kingdom Official Number 142265 was allocated. In 1928, she was sold to the SA Navex Société d'Expédition et de
Navigation and renamed Navex. Her port of registry was changed to Antwerp and the Code Letters MNRA were allocated. In 1934, her Code letters were changed to OOXA.{{cite web
|url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0597.pdf
|title = LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS
|publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}}
On 21 January 1937, Navex was sold to Société Belge d'Entreprises Commerciales (Sodeco), Antwerp. She was renamed Prina and placed under the management of NV Nederlandsch Bevrachtingskantoor. Her Code Letters were changed to ONKD.{{cite web
|url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/37/37b0711.pdf
|title = LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS
|publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}} Prina was used to supply Republican-held ports during the Spanish Civil War. She was the only ship owned by Sodeco operated under the Belgian Flag. The company's other three ships operated under the Panamanian flag. On 7 May 1938, Prina was sold to the NV Europeësche Vrachtvaart Maatscappij, Rotterdam and was renamed Willy. Her port of registry was changed to Amsterdam and the Code Letters PIQI were allocated. Willy remained under the management of NV Nederlandsch Bevrachtingskantoor.{{cite web
|url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/38/38b1087.pdf
|title = LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS
|publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}}
In 1939, Willy was sold to Dampskibs Hetland AS and renamed Storaa, which is the Danish for "Big River".{{cite web
|title = The Shipwreck and Coast Heritage Centre
| url = http://www.shipwreck-heritage.org.uk/museum/tour/index.html
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061009171854/http://www.shipwreck-heritage.org.uk/museum/tour/index.html
|archive-date = 2006-10-09
}} Her port of registry was changed to Copenhagen, and the Code Letters OZDP were allocated.{{cite web
|url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/39/39b1066.pdf
|title = LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS
|publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data
|access-date = 28 November 2010
}}
War service
On 9 April 1940, Storaa was requisitioned at Grangemouth by the Ministry of Shipping. She was reflagged to the United Kingdom. Her port of registry was changed to London and the Code Letters GLDG were allocated, with the ship regaining her Official Number 142256. She was operated under the management of W T Gould Ltd, Cardiff. In June 1940, Storaa was detained at Casablanca, Morocco. Her crew were imprisoned, but they escaped deportation to a German work camp when the Allies invaded French North Africa.{{cite news
|title = Legal Fight to Protect Grave of Wartime Seamen
| work = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/15/military.arts
|access-date = 28 November 2010
|location = London
|first = Maev
|last = Kennedy
|date = 15 November 2003
}}
Storaa was seized by the Vichy Government and renamed Saint Edmond. She was scuttled at Port Lyautey, Morocco in November 1942. In January 1943, she was refloated. The ship was renamed Storaa, and passed to the MoWT. She was refitted by her crew, and returned to the United Kingdom in June 1943.
Sinking
From 1941, the MOWT had the power to requisition merchant ships, regulate and control the movement of ships and regulate the trade and the type and amount of cargo they carried. The MOWT also acted as the owning authority for all ships under government control.
On 2 November 1943, Storaa left Southend as part of Convoy CW 221, the 221st convoy proceeding along the Channel Westwards, transporting 2500 tons of tank parts from to a weapons factory in Cardiff. {{HMS|Whitshead}} was the escort to the convoy which consisted of 19 Merchant ships including Storaa.{{cite BAILII | litigants = R (Fogg and another) v Secretary of State for Defence | court = EWCA | division = Civ | year = 2006 | num = 1270.html | date = 2006-10-05}} The bills of loading show that it had a cargo of 376 tons of steel slabs, 250 tons of steel billets and 608 tons of pig iron (a total of 1,234 tons).{{cite BAILII
| litigants = R (Fogg and another) v Secretary of State for Defence | year = 2005 |court = EWHC | num = 2888 | division = Admin}} However, a contemporary account by a survivor, 3rd officer, H B Knudsen, describes the cargo as "tank parts and aircraft". Mr Knudsen describes loading the cargo:
When we had unloaded the pulp, we then began to load caterpillar tracks for the so-called "belt vehicles", which was very heavy material almost solid iron. That was put in the bottom of the ship, and then we filled up the rest with aeroplanes in large boxes. We even had some as deck cargo.
According to Mr Knudsen, the ship was armed with one 12 pdr., 4 Oerlikons, 1 Strip Lewis and 2 P.A.C. Rockets. The crew was made up of a British and Danish volunteers under a Danish master and also included 4 Naval and 3 Army DEMS Gunners, and there was one passenger (a pilot). As part of the convoy, Storaa was legally required to defend herself and the rest of the convoy. The Dover Strait and Wold Channel (known as Hell's Corner and E-boat alley), were the most dangerous sea passages in the world.
Just after midnight on 3 November 1943 German E-boats were sighted. HMS Whitshead and the Storaa opened fire and the E-boats were driven off, but a quarter of an hour later a torpedo fired by {{ship|German torpedo boat|S 138||2}} struck Storaa amidships.{{cite book
|title = The world's merchant fleets, 1939
|first = Roger
|last = Jordan
|publisher = Chatham publishing
|location = London
|year = 1999
|page = 449
|isbn = 1-86176-023-X
}} She was heavily laden and sank quickly. Of the total of 36 people on board, 22 were lost (master, 1st and 2nd officers, 2nd and 3rd engineers, steward, cook, 1 naval and 2 army gunners, and 12 crew). Seven survivors from the Storaa were picked up by an English coaster which was also part of the convoy, the rest being rescued by an M.L., and all were taken to Newhaven.
Designation under the Protection of Military Remains Act
In 1985 John Short purchased for £150 the salvage rights to Storaa, which lies in about {{convert|100|ft|m|0}} of water some {{convert|9|nmi|km}} off the East Sussex coast near Hastings. A year later, in 1986, the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 came into law. Local historian and maritime archaeologist, Dr Peter Marsden, Director of the Hastings Shipwreck Heritage Centre, wrote to the Ministry of Defence in April 2000, requesting that Storaa should be designated under the Act. On 25 May 2000, the Ministry of Defence wrote back, refusing the request on the grounds that the vessel was not eligible to be designated under the Act, because it was not in military service at the time.
One of the men of the Royal Navy who had died on Storaa was Petty Officer James Varndell, who was 44 at the time. In 2003, his daughters Rosemary Fogg and Valerie Ledgard made an application to the Ministry of Defence to designate the wreck to protect it as a war grave. Their request was also refused by the Ministry of Defence. However, supported by Dr Marsden and by the Merchant Navy Association,{{cite web
|title = The Merchant Navy Association
|url = http://www.mna.org.uk/History.htm
|access-date = 2006-10-12
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060923204628/http://www.mna.org.uk/History.htm
|archive-date = 23 September 2006
|df = dmy-all
|title = Merchant navy demo over war grave
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/4379080.stm
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| date = 26 October 2005
}} they launched a request for a judicial review of the decision,{{cite news
|title = War grave legal fight can proceed
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/4421587.stm
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| date = 7 April 2005
}} which was heard by the High Court on 26 October 2005. His decision was that the Act could apply to merchant vessels and that the Secretary of State for Defence was therefore required to reconsider whether the Storaa should be designated under the Act.{{cite web|title=War grave verdict |work=Hastings Today |date=19 December 2005 |url=http://www.hastingstoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=479&ArticleID=1289939 |access-date=2006-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118192713/http://www.hastingstoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=479 |archive-date=18 November 2006 }} The judge declined to decide on the legal issues of whether designation interfered with the salvage rights; on a dispute as to whether the wreck had been correctly identified; and on whether or not she was carrying tank parts or raw materials for the factory.{{cite news
|title = War grave fight 'evidence found'
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/4153440.stm
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| date = 15 August 2005
}} These were matters that the Secretary of State should consider when the question of designation is reconsidered.
The Ministry of Defence appealed the decision,{{cite news
| title = Appeal over WWII war grave ruling
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/5185232.stm
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| date = 18 July 2006
}} which was heard by the Appeal Court in 2006. The Court of Appeal decision of 5 October 2006 upheld the decision of the High Court.{{cite news
| title = Wreck of merchant ship can be war grave, say judges
| work = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/secondworldwar/story/0,,1888850,00.html
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| location = London
| first = Clare
| last = Dyer
| date = 6 October 2006
| title = Degree of control crucial to war grave protection
| work = The Times Online
| date = 10 October 2006
| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,30589-2396620,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061010185959/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,30589-2396620,00.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 October 2006
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| location = London
| first1 = Rosemary
| last1 = Bennett
| first2 = Roland
| last2 = Watson
|title = Court victory over WWII war grave
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/5409732.stm
| access-date = 2006-10-12
| date = 5 October 2006
|title=Court of Appeal upholds SS Storaa Judicial Review findings
|work=Defence News
|date=6 October 2006
|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/DefenceNewsDaily.htm
|access-date=2006-10-12
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010194014/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/DefenceNewsDaily.htm
|archive-date=10 October 2006
}}
Wreck divers fear that the case could lead to diving being prohibited on a large number of wrecks.{{cite web|title=Convoy ship deemed wargrave |work=Divernet Forum |date=5–9 October 2006 |url=http://www.diverforum.co.uk/talkforums/diverforum/posts/70480.html |access-date=2006-10-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125111812/http://www.diverforum.co.uk/talkforums/diverforum/posts/70480.html |archive-date=25 January 2016 }}
The wreck was subsequently designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 in 2008.{{cite web
| title = Statutory Instrument 2008/0950
| publisher = Office of Public Sector Information
|date = 1 April 2008
| url = http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080950_en_1
| access-date = 2008-07-19
}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}}
{{November 1942 shipwrecks}}
{{November 1943 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Storaa}}
Category:Ships built on the River Clyde
Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom
Category:World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Category:Steamships of Belgium
Category:Merchant ships of Belgium
Category:Steamships of the Netherlands
Category:Merchant ships of the Netherlands
Category:Steamships of Denmark
Category:World War II merchant ships of Denmark
Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Category:World War II merchant ships of France
Category:World War II shipwrecks in the English Channel
Category:Maritime incidents in November 1942
Category:Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases