SS Torrington

In 1905 Doxford's built a pair of sister ships at their Pallion shipyard. Yard number 330 was launched on 21 February, completed in March and named Wellington.{{cite web |url= http://www.sunderlandships.com/view.php?&ref=101155 |title=Wellington |work=Wear Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=16 December 2022}} Yard number 332 was launched on 21 March, completed in April and named Torrington.{{cite web |url= http://www.sunderlandships.com/view.php?&ref=101157 |title=Torrington |work=Wear Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=16 December 2022}} Each ship had a registered length of {{cvt|390.3|ft|abbr=on}}, beam of {{cvt|55.2|ft|abbr=on}} and depth of {{cvt|27.2|ft|abbr=on}}. Torrington{{'}}s tonnages were {{GRT|5597}} and {{NRT|3619}}.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1905|loc=TOR–TOU}}

Each ship had a three-cylinder triple-expansion engine that was rated at 359 NHP.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1905|loc=TOR–TOU}} This would have given them a speed of about {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}.{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Tony |last2=Lettens |first2=Jan |last3=Quigley |first3=Martin |title=SS Torrington [+1917] |work=WreckSite |url= https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?11051 |access-date=16 December 2022}}

William J Tatem and Company, Limited managed both ships. Tatem created two one-ship companies to own the ships: the Wellington Steam Ship Company and the Torrington Steam Ship Company. Tatem registered each ship in Cardiff. Torrington{{'}}s UK official number was 119969 and her code letters were HCLV.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1905|loc=TOR–TOU}}{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1906|p=441}}

In 1910 Tatem transferred ownership of both Wellington and Torrington to the Tatem Steam Navigation Company Limited. WJ Tatem & Co remained the manager of both ships.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1910|loc=TOR–TOT}}{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1911|p=523}}

Early in 1917 Torrington took coal from Wales to Savona, Italy, for Italian State Railways. On 8 April 1917 she was returning to Barry for her next cargo. At about 11.30{{nbsp}}am, at a position around {{convert|150|nmi|km}} southwest of the Scillies, her lookout sighted lifeboats in the distance.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=178}} Torrington{{'}}s Captain, Anthony Starkey, changed course toward the boats, which carried survivors of Umvoti, a Bullard, King & Co steamship that U-55 had sunk.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=178}}{{cite news |title=Graphic Tale of U-Boat Murders |url= https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=STP19211130.2.18&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------ |newspaper=The Steamboat Pilot |place=Steamboat Springs |via=Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection |date=30 November 1921}}

File:Japanese submarine Maru-3 in 1919.jpg

U-55 then fired a torpedo at Torrington. Starkey saw it and changed course in response, but failed to avoid it.{{sfn|Home Waters—Part VIII 1933|pp=406–407}} It hit hold number 3 just forward of the bridge, quickly flooding both that hold and hold number two further forward. This put Torrington down by her bow, lifting her propeller out of the water and bringing her to a halt.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=178}}

U-55 surfaced off Torrington{{'s}} starboard bow. Torrington was defensively armed with a naval gun on her poop, Torrington{{'}}s superstructure amidships blocked it from being brought to bear on the U-boat. Starkey surrendered, ordered Torrington{{'}}s ensign to be lowered and ordered his crew to abandon ship. Starkey took command of 20 men in the starboard lifeboat, while his Chief Officer commanded 15 men in the port lifeboat.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=178}}

Having pulled {{convert|1/4|nmi|m}} from Torrington, U-55 fired a shell from her deck gun that exploded above Starkey's lifeboat.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=178}} Starkey moved the boat to the submarine and those aboard were ordered onto its deck.{{sfn|Winton|1983|p=59}} Werner took Starkey below for interrogation. Werner accused Starkey of lying by stating that he was captain, as Werner's copy of Lloyd's Register of Shipping named a different man. Starkey had been appointed only four months prior, and the register was out of date. Werner asked Starkey about the crew of the defensive gun. Starkey indicated they were among the 20 men on his lifeboat. When asked why they were not wearing uniform Starkey, said they had not had time to change before sinking.

Werner told Starkey he was "a damned pirate" and that he deserved "to be shot, and as for the others, let them swim". Starkey assumed the latter was a German expression and assumed his men had been allowed to reboard their boat and continue at sea. But U-55 submerged with the men still on her deck, and all were drowned. The fate of the port boat is not known, but it is thought to have also been sunk by Werner. Starkey remained aboard U-55 for the remaining 15 days of its cruise, and was then interned in Germany.{{cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Mark |title=Captain Anthony Starkey - Master of the S.S. Torrington |url= https://museum.wales/blog/1621/Captain-Anthony-Starkey---Master-of-the-SS-TORRINGTON/ |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales |date=6 May 2016 |access-date=19 November 2022}}{{harvnb|Edwards|2010|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2022}}

During the trip a German sailor asked Starkey if he thought his crew had survived. Starkey said he thought they would as the weather was not poor. The sailor then told Starkey that he knew all his crew had died, but could not tell him more in front of the other Germans. Another sailor told Starkey that the event was "not war, it was murder".{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=181}} Whilst aboard Starkey, later noted that he had seen two other British ships sunk and their crews murdered. U-55 reached Germany on 23 April after a cruise in which she sank 10 ships, totalling {{GRT|29568}}, and killed 100 seafarers.{{sfn|Home Waters—Part VIII 1933|pp=406–407}} Starkey was held in an internment camp and thought he had only been allowed to live because Werner did not suspect he knew the truth about the murders.

Later in the war Werner and U-55 sank the hospital ship {{HMHS|Rewa}} and fired at the hospital ship Guildford Castle with a torpedo that failed to explode.{{sfn|Bridgland|2002|p=181}} On 31 July 1917 he murdered most of the crew of the Prince Line cargo ship {{SS|Belgian Prince||2}} in a similar manner to that of the crew of Torrington, but three men survived as witnesses.{{cite news |title=Murdered by the German who became one of Hitler's henchmen |url= https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15444904.murdered-by-the-german-who-became-one-of-hitlers-henchmen/ |newspaper=Southern Daily Echo |place=Southampton |publisher=Newsquest |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=19 November 2022}}

After the war the Attorney General for England and Wales confirmed to families of the Torrington crew that it intended to pursue the trial of Werner for murder at the Leipzig war crimes trials, but he could not be found.{{cite web |title=FO 371/5861: Forthcoming trial of Lieutenant Commander Werner at Leipzig |url=https://history-commons.net/artifacts/2566413/forthcoming-trial-of-lieutenant-commander-werner-at-leipzig/3588484/ |website=History Commons}} He had fled to Brazil, but he returned to Germany in 1924, and the charges against him were dropped by a German court in 1926. He later joined the Nazi Party and served in the SS, and was promoted to the rank of Brigadeführer in Heinrich Himmler's personal staff. Werner died in May 1945, shortly after the end of World War II in Europe.

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Bridgland |first=Tony |year=2002 |title=Outrage at Sea: Naval Atrocities of the First World War |place=Barnsley |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78337-938-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O-4kCwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Bernard |year=2010 |title=War Under the Red Ensign, 1914–1918 |place=Havertown, PA |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84468-486-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dWPNDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book |year=1933 |title=Home Waters—Part VIII, December 1916 to April 1917, Monograph No. 34 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume=XVIII |publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |pages=406–407 |url= https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs_VolXVIII_part4.pdf |via=Royal Australian Navy |ref={{harvid|Home Waters—Part VIII 1933}} }}
• {{cite book |year=1905 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1906ST/page/n881/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1905}} }}
• {{cite book |year=1910 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I–Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1911ST/page/n1035/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1910}} }}
• {{cite book |year=1906 |title=Mercantile Navy List |place=London |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Torrington&year=1906&submit=Enter |via=Crew List Index Project |ref={{harvid|Mercantile Navy List 1906}} }}
• {{cite book |year=1911 |title=Mercantile Navy List |place=London |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?&name=Torrington&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter&year=1911 |via=Crew List Index Project |ref={{harvid|Mercantile Navy List 1911}} }}
• {{cite book |last=Winton |first=John |year=1983 |title=Convoy: The Defence of Sea Trade, 1890-1990 |place=London |publisher=Michael Joseph |isbn=978-0-7181-2163-1 |page=59 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O9-FAAAAIAAJ}}

• {{cite web |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Torrington |work=uboat.net |url= https://www.uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6069.html}}

{{April 1917 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Torrington}}

Category:1905 ships

Category:Maritime incidents in 1917

Category:Ships built on the River Wear

Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I

Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom

Category:World War I merchant ships of the United Kingdom

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean

Category:World War I crimes by Imperial Germany

Category:Mass murder in 1917