Sa Huỳnh culture
{{Short description|Former culture in central and southern Vietnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Vietnamese Culture list}}
{{History of Champa}}
The Sa Huỳnh culture{{efn|Pronounced sar-HWING. Frequently misspelled as Sa Huyun culture}} was a culture in what is now central and southern Vietnam that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.John N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor - Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia 2011 p. 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts (Bảo tàng mỹ thuật Việt Nam) 2000 "Right from the early history - before and after the Christian era - over twenty centuries ago, there was a cultural exchange among three major Centres Z Đông Sơn culture in the North, Sa Huỳnh culture in Central and south-eastern Nam Bộ ..." Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from the Mekong Delta to Quảng Bình province in central Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of the Cham people, an Austronesian-speaking people and the founders of the kingdom of Champa.Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9786167339443}}{{rp|211–217}}
Description
The site at Sa Huỳnh was discovered in 1909. Sa Huỳnh sites were rich in locally worked iron artefacts, typified by axes, swords, spearheads, knives and sickles. In contrast, bronze artifacts were dominant in the Đông Sơn culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia.
The Sa Huỳnh culture cremated adults and buried them in jars covered with lids, a practice unique to the culture. Ritually broken offerings usually accompanied the jar burials. The culture is also typified by its unique ear ornaments featuring two-headed animals, believed by some to depict saola.{{cite book |last=deBuys |first=William |date=2015 |title=The Last Unicorn: A Search For One of Earth's Rarest Creatures |page=267}} The ornaments were commonly made from jade (nephrite), but also made from glass. Bead ornaments were also commonly found in Sa Huynh burials, most commonly made from glass.
Trade network
{{Main|Philippine jade culture}}
The Sa Huỳnh culture showed evidence of an extensive trade network that existed between 500 BC to AD 1500, known as the Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere (named after the Sa Huỳnh culture and the Kalanay Cave of Masbate, Philippines). It was mainly between Sa Huỳnh and the Philippines, but also extended into archaeological sites in Taiwan, Southern Thailand, and northeastern Borneo. It is characterized by shared red-slipped pottery traditions, as well as double-headed and penannular ornaments known as lingling-o made from materials like green jade (sourced from Taiwan), green mica (from Mindoro), black nephrite (from Hà Tĩnh) and clay (from Vietnam and the Northern Philippines).{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-chun |last2=Nguyen |first2=Kim Dung |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Carson |first4=Mike T. |title=Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea |journal=Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=384–404 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2013.781085|s2cid=129020595 }} Sa Huynh also produced beads made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet; most of whom use materials that are also imported. Han dynasty-style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites.{{cite journal|last1=Solheim|first1=William|title=Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines|date=1969|volume=3|pages=97–108|journal=Asian Perspectives|hdl=10125/19126}}{{cite book |last=Miksic |first=John N. |title=Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares. |location=Singapore |publisher=Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore|date=2003}}
Timeline of Iron age
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align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:15 shift:(0,-5)
bar:Vietnam color:era
from: -771 till: -221 shift:(0,5) text:Sa Huỳnh culture
from: -221 till: 500 shift:(0,4) text:Óc Eo culture
bar:Vietnam color:filler
from: -221 till: 500 shift:(0,-7) text:Imperial Vietnam
bar: Philippines color:era
bar:Philippines color:filler
from: -108 till: -18 shift:(0,5) text:Ancient Barangay
from: -18 till: 500 text:Archaic epoch
bar: Indonesia color:era
from: -500 till: -108 text:Prehistory of Indonesia
bar:Indonesia color:filler
from: -108 till: -18 shift:(0,4) text:Buni culture
from: -18 till: 500 text:Early Kingdoms
:::Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details
:::{{color box|#ffd880}} Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age {{color box|#cccccc}} Historic Iron Age
Artifacts
File:Bronze weapon Sa Huynh Culture.JPG|Bronze dagger
File:Pottery vase Sa Huynh Culture.JPG|Pottery vase
File:Pottery fruit tray Sa Huynh Culture 2.JPG|Pottery fruit tray
File:Pottery burial jar Sa Huynh Cultue.JPG|Pottery burial jar
File:Three node pendant (Jade), Artefacts of Phu Hoa site(Dong Nai province).JPG|Jade penannular lingling-o
File:Bicephalous pendant (Jade), Artefacts of Phu Hoa site(Dong Nai province) 01.jpg|Jade double-headed lingling-o
See also
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
- Higham, Charles, The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, {{ISBN|0-521-56505-7}}
- Higham, Charles, Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia, {{ISBN|1-58886-028-0}}
{{Champa topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sa Huynh Culture}}
Category:Archaeological cultures of Southeast Asia
Category:Archaeological cultures in Vietnam
Category:Iron Age cultures of Asia