Safe Water System

As of 2012, 780 million people lack access to an improved water source and 2.5 billion people (half of all people in developing countries) lack access to adequate sanitation. Inadequate water sanitation is a public health hazard, as it is a major source of diarrheal illnesses such as cholera. Diarrheal illnesses are a significant source of mortality for children, killing more children than the combined mortality of measles, malaria, and AIDS. For children under five, diarrheal disease is the second-leading cause of death worldwide.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/index.html#one| title=The Safe Water System| website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| date=16 April 2014| access-date=31 March 2021}}

In 1992, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Pan American Health Organization collaborated to reduce waterborne diseases in developing countries. They called the new methodology the Safe Water System (SWS); it consisted of three components:{{cite web|url=https://www.thensmc.com/resources/showcase/safe-water-system| title=Safe Water System| access-date=31 March 2021| website=NSMC }}

• Water treatment at point of use with a locally made diluted bleach solution
• Preventing recontamination of water by safely storing treated water in containers with narrow mouths, lids, and spigots
• Education to improve the handling and sanitation of food and water

From 1994 to 1995, the CDC implemented the SWS in Bolivia in a pilot experiment, where it improved water quality and reduced diarrheal illness by 40%.{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0950268898001782|title=Diarrhoea prevention in Bolivia through point-of-use water treatment and safe storage: A promising new strategy|year=1999|last1=Quick|first1=R. E.|last2=Venczel|first2=L. V.|last3=Mintz|first3=E. D.|last4=Soleto|first4=L.|last5=Aparicio|first5=J.|last6=Gironaz|first6=M.|last7=Hutwagner|first7=L.|last8=Greene|first8=K.|last9=Bopp|first9=C.|last10=Maloney|first10=K.|last11=Chavez|first11=D.|last12=Sobsey|first12=M.|last13=Tauxe|first13=R. V.|journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=122|issue=1|pages=83–90|pmid=10098789|pmc=2809591}} Following the success of the program in Bolivia, the CDC received permission from the Zambian Ministry of Health to conduct field trials in 1998 in Kitwe, Zambia. Compared to the control group, the households that received the SWS and education on best hygiene practices experienced a 48% reduced risk of diarrheal disease. In response to marketing efforts by the CDC, the sanitizing solution, sold as Clorin, experienced a steep increase in demand in Zambia. In 1999, about 187,000 bottles of Clorin were sold; in 2004, over 1.8 million bottles were sold. Each bottle sanitizes enough water for one month for a family of six. Clorin is subsidized by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); as of 2003, each bottle is sold for US$0.09, with USAID paying $0.33 per bottle (each bottle therefore has a net cost of $0.24 to USAID).{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144175656.pdf| title=Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries: CDC The CDC/PSI Safe Water System Program in Zambia| year=2005| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}

Household water treatment now encompasses other methods, such as use of flocculants that cause contaminants within water to sink to the bottom of a container or float at the top where they can be more easily removed. Methods like disinfectant powder, solar water disinfection, ceramic filtration, and slow sand filtration are also incorporated.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/pdf/sws-overview-factsheet508c.pdf| title=CDC and the Safe Water System| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| access-date=31 March 2021| website=CDC}}

From 1998 to 2014, the CDC implemented the SWS program in thirty-five countries. During this time period, they distributed enough sanitizing agents to clean over 137 billion liters of water. Products that the CDC has distributed as part of the Safe Water Systems includes the three-component system initially piloted in Bolivia, as well as water treatment tablets. SWS has been implemented in the following countries:{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/locations.html| title=Where CDC Works| date=17 March 2014| access-date=31 March 2021}}

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• Afghanistan
• Angola
• Benin
• Botswana
• Burkina Faso
• Burma (Myanmar)
• Burundi
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Democratic Republic of Congo
• Dominican Republic
• Eswatini
• Ethiopia
• Guinea
• Haiti
• India
• Kenya
• Liberia
• Madagascar
• Malawi
• Mali
• Mozambique
• Namibia
• Nepal
• Nigeria
• Pakistan
• Papua New Guinea
• Republic of Congo (Brazzaville)
• Rwanda
• Senegal
• South Sudan
• Swaziland
• Tanzania
• Uganda
• Uzbekistan
• Vietnam
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe

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Because the goal of the SWS interventions is to reduce the incidence of water-borne illness, SWS technologies do not mitigate other hazards in water such as chemical contaminants.{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-105152|doi-access=free|title=Chemical Contamination of Drinking Water in Resource-Constrained Settings: Global Prevalence and Piloted Mitigation Strategies|year=2020|last1=Amrose|first1=Susan E.|last2=Cherukumilli|first2=Katya|last3=Wright|first3=Natasha C.|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|volume=45|pages=195–226}} Studies of SWS interventions showed a reduction of diarrhea by 24% in Bangladesh, 25% in Guatemala, and 30% among people with HIV in rural Uganda.{{cite journal|doi=10.3201/eid1006.040243|title=International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage|year=2004|last1=Clasen|first1=Thomas F.|last2=Mintz|first2=Eric D.|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=10|issue=6|pages=1179–1180|pmid=15224679|pmc=3323158}}

{{portal|Water}}

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Category:Drinking water

Category:Water treatment

Category:Sanitation

Category:Waterborne diseases