Safeyoka language
{{Short description|Angan language spoken in Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Safeyoka
|nativename=Ampale
|states=Papua New Guinea
|region=Morobe Province
|speakers=2,390
|date=1980 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans–New Guinea
|fam2=Angan
|fam3=Northeast
|iso3=apz
|glotto=safe1240
|glottorefname=Safeyoka
}}
Safeyoka, or Ampale, is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Other names of this language include Ambari, Ampeeli, Ampeeli-Wojokeso, and Ampele.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/apz|title=Safeyoka|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}} According to a 1980 census, there were around 2,390 native speakers. Commonly known as Ampale, the dialect is called Wojokeso. Speakers of Ampale range from the Waffa River to the Banir River, which is located in the northern part of Papua New Guinea.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticsituat1973fran|title=The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea|last=Franklin, Karl J. (Karl James)|date=1973|publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University|isbn=0858831007|location=Canberra|oclc=1288732|url-access=registration}} The Wojokeso dialect is spoken by people who live in five villages where multiple districts, the Kaiapit, Mumeng and Menyama come together in the Morobe Province.{{Cite book|title=Angan languages are different : four phonologies|date=1981|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|others=Healey, Phyllis M.|isbn=088312212X|location=Huntington Beach, Calif.|oclc=8619473}}
Phonology
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ConsonantsWest, Idi (1992). Ampeeli Organised Phonology Data. SIL International. !rowspan="2"| !rowspan="2"|Labial !rowspan="2"|Alveolar !colspan="2"|Palatal !colspan="2"|Velar !colspan="2"|Glottal |
| {{small|plain}} || {{small|labial}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|labial}} ! {{small|plain}} || {{small|labial}} |
|---|
| Plosive
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tɕ}} || {{IPA link|tɕʷ}} |{{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|kʷ}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} || |
| Fricative
|{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ɕ}} || {{IPA link|ɕʷ}} | || |{{IPA link|h}} || {{IPA link|hʷ}} |
| Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} || |{{IPA link|ŋ}} || {{IPA link|ŋʷ}} | || |
| Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} |{{IPA link|r}} |{{IPA link|j}} || {{IPA link|ɥ}} | || | || |
- /p t k/ are voiced /{{IPA link|b}} {{IPA link|d}} {{IPA link|g}}/ following homorganic nasals.
- /f/ is voiced [{{IPA link|v}}~{{IPA link|β}}] intervocalically.
- The sequences /hm hn/ are realized as [{{IPA link|m̥}} {{IPA link|n̥}}].
- /h/ is in free variation with {{IPAblink|x}}, and can optionally be pronounced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} intervocalically.
- /r/ manifests as {{IPAblink|ɺ}} utterance-initially.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! !Back |
| High
|{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
|{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ʌ}} |
| Low
|{{IPA link|æ}} |{{IPA link|ɑ}} |
- /i/ and /u/ are both reduced to {{IPAblink|ɨ}} when unstressed.
Safeyoka is also tonal, distinguishing between high and low tone.
Grammar
= Subject Personal Pronouns =
In the term stem of Ampale outlines, the object person affixes are included in them. Class 2 verb roots, /put/ and /kill/, they occur immediately following the root. Other verb roots immediately come before the root. Object person affixes include:
| class="wikitable"
! ! Singualr ! Dual ! Plural |
| 1st Person
| nɨ- | e- | naa-/ne- |
|---|
| 2nd Person
| kɨ- | ze- | ze- |
| 3rd Person
| u- | u- | u- |
= Sentence Structure =
The Ampale language classifies with the Wojokeso dialect of the Angan language stock.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/wojokesosentence0000west|title=Wojokeso : sentence, paragraph, and discourse analysis|last=West, Dorothy.|date=1973|publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University|isbn=0858830892|location=Canberra|oclc=1220916|url-access=registration}} According to B.A Hooley and K.A. McElhanon, the language is referred to as the "Languages of the Morobe District - New Guinea". The sentence types of the Wojokeso are pattern types. On non-final verbs, the Wojokeso links clauses together by the means of affixes or clitics.
== Simple ==
The simple sentence formula is "+ Base: General Clause/Elliptical Clause + Terminal: Final Intonation." The sentence is explained by a single base and final intonation. In other words, the single base is expounded by the general clause. Single base moods include: Indicative, Interrogative, Dubitative, Information interrogative, Avolitional, and Exclamatory.
= Series =
The series sentence indicates multiple actions a person does. There is no grammatical distinction between temporal succession and temporal overlap. Usually used to explain actions which are performed by a dual or plural subject. However, actions with this partial change in subject may also be classified as a sequence sentence.
= Sequence =
The sequence sentence indicates an order of actions being completed by a subject, where base 1 differs from base 2. The action of the first base is usually completed before the action of the second base even begins. The deep structure of this sentence type is that it is purely based on succession.
Example:
"Sɨ
This translates into "Darkness came and night mosquitoes bit us". This expresses temporal succession.
= Tense =
| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Future |
| !Wojokeso
!English |
|---|
| Subjective
|y-ontɨ |They would, they will do |
| Unrealized Subjective
|y-ontɨ |Would have done |
| Near Future
|u-y-on ɨ |They will do |
| Hortative-Imperative
|u-y-ɨ |Let them do it |
| colspan="3" | |