Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language

Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School, in Arlee, Montana.{{Cite news

| last = Kim Briggeman

| title = School keeping Salish language thriving in new generation

| work = The Missoulian

| access-date = 2012-09-06

| date = 2012-09-02

| url = http://missoulian.com/lifestyles/hometowns/school-keeping-salish-language-thriving-in-new-generation/article_16b34554-f578-11e1-adb9-001a4bcf887a.html

}}{{Cite web

| last = Ratledge, Mark

| title = Nkwusm works to preserve Salish language

| work = Indian Country Today Media Network

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| date = 2009-07-07

| url = http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2009/07/07/nkwusm-works-to-preserve-salish-language-83823

}}{{Cite news

| last = Sakariassen

| first = Alex

| title = A loss for words

| work = Missoula Independent: Features

| access-date = 2014-03-28

| date = 2014-03-20

| url = http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/a-loss-for-words/Content?oid=1938845

}}Martin, Amy. "[https://www.npr.org/2015/05/02/403576800/montana-offers-a-boost-to-native-language-immersion-programs Montana Offers A Boost To Native Language Immersion Programs]" All Things Considered. NPR. May 2, 2015. Accessed May 3, 2015. Public schools in Kalispell, Montana, offer language classes, a language nest, and intensive training for adults.{{Cite web

|title = Language

|work = Kalispel Tribe

|access-date = 2013-02-18

|url = http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language/

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130315045527/http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language

|archive-date = 2013-03-15

}} An online Salish Language Tutor and online Kalispel Salish curriculum are available.

{{Cite web

| title = Language Software

| work = Story Teller

| access-date = 2013-02-18

| url = http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-software/

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140317214655/http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-software/

| archive-date = 2014-03-17

| url-status = dead

}}

{{Cite web

| title = Language Curriculum

| work = Kalispel Tribe

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| url = http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-curriculum/

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140317221223/http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-curriculum/

| archive-date = 2014-03-17

| url-status = dead

}}

A dictionary, "Seliš nyoʔnuntn: Medicine for the Salish Language," was expanded from 186 to 816 pages in 2009;

{{Cite web

| last = Cederberg, Jenna

| title = Salish language dictionary expands from 186 pages to 816

| work = The Buffalo Post, a news blog about Native people and the world we live in, at The Missoulian newspaper

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| date = 2009-01-10

| url = http://www.buffalopost.net/?p=13427

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001959/http://buffalopost.net/?p=13427

| archive-date = 2016-03-05

| url-status = dead

}}

children's books and language CDs are also available.{{Cite web

|title = Nkwusm - Salish Language Merchandise

|access-date = 2013-04-07

|url = http://salishworld.com/merchandise_CD-Books.htm

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130201184159/http://salishworld.com/merchandise_CD-Books.htm

|archive-date = 2013-02-01

}}

Salish Kootenai College offers Salish language courses, and trains Salish language teachers at its Native American Language Teacher Training Institute as a part of its ongoing efforts to preserve the language.{{Cite news

| last = Brooks Johnson

| title = Beyond Belief

| work = Missoula Independent

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| date = 2012-12-06

| url = http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/missoula/beyond-belief/Content?oid=1695994

}}

{{Cite journal

| volume = 8

| issue = 4

| title = New Push Begins To Save Salish Language

| journal = Canku Ota

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| date = 2010-04-01

| url = http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues10/CO040110/CO_040110_SalishLanguage.htm

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120630094257/http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues10/CO040110/CO_040110_SalishLanguage.htm

| archive-date = 2012-06-30

| url-status = usurped

}}

As of May 2013, the organization Yoyoot Skʷkʷimlt ("Strong Young People") is teaching language classes in high schools.{{Cite news

| last = Schilling

| first = Vincent

| title = Language Preservation Made Vance Home Gun a Champion for Change

| work = Indian Country Today Media Network

| access-date = 2013-05-13

| date = 2013-05-11

| url = http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/05/11/language-preservation-made-vance-home-gun-champion-change-149101

}}

Salish-language Christmas carols are popular for children's holiday programs, which have been broadcast over the Salish Kootenai College television station,{{Cite news

| title = Valley Journal: Translating tradition: Salish language accents Arlee holiday concert

| work = Valley Journal

| location = Ronan, Mont.

| access-date = 2013-04-07

| date = 2011-12-21

| url = http://www.valleyjournal.net/Article/469/Translating-tradition-Salish-language-accents-Arlee-holiday-concert

}} and Salish-language karaoke has become popular at the annual Celebrating Salish Conference, held in Spokane, Washington.

{{Cite web

| title = 2013 Celebrating Salish Conference

| work = Kalispel Tribe

| access-date = 2013-02-18

| url = http://www.kalispeltribe.com/2013-celebrating-salish-conference/

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130729221609/http://www.kalispeltribe.com/2013-celebrating-salish-conference/

| archive-date = 2013-07-29

| url-status = dead

}}

{{Cite news

| last = Hval

| first = Cindy

| title = Tribes keep language alive : Recent conference led by the Kalispels draws hundreds of participants

| work = The Spokesman-Review

| location = Spokane, Wash.

| access-date = 2013-03-27

| date = 2013-03-14

| url = http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2013/mar/14/tribes-keep-language-alive/

}}

As of 2013, many signs on U.S. Route 93 in the Flathead Indian Reservation were including the historic Salish and Kutenai names for towns, rivers, and streams, and the Missoula City Council was seeking input from the Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee regarding appropriate Salish-language signage for the city of Missoula.{{Cite news

| last = Devlin

| first = Vince

| title = Missoula councilors seek tribal elders' help for 'wayfinding' signs

| work = Ravalli Republic

| access-date = 2013-10-24

| date = 2013-10-15

| url = http://www.ravallirepublic.com/news/state-and-regional/article_47c94cf5-f335-52f2-a8c6-a031cc938c1a.html

}}

Salish has five vowels, {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}, plus an epenthetic schwa {{IPA|[ə]}} which occurs between an obstruent and a sonorant consonant, or between two unlike sonorants. Differences in glottalization do not cause epenthesis, and in long sequences not all pairs are separated, for example in {{IPA|/sqllú/}} → {{IPA|[sqəllú]}} "tale", {{IPA|/ʔlˀlát͡s/}} → {{IPA|[ʔəlˀlát͡s]}} "red raspberry", and {{IPA|/sˀnmˀné/}} → {{IPA|[səʔnəmˀné]}} "toilet". No word may begin with a vowel.

Salish has pharyngeal consonants, which are rare worldwide and uncommon but not unusual in the Mosan Sprachbund to which Salish belongs. It is also unusual in lacking a simple lateral approximant and simple velar consonants ({{IPA|/k/}} only occurs in loanwords), though again this is known elsewhere in the Mosan area.

The post-velars are normally transcribed as uvular consonants: {{angbr IPA|q, qʼ, χ, qʷ, qʷʼ, χʷ}}.

Salish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative sequences. For example, {{IPA|sal|ʔiɬt͡ʃt͡ʃeˀn|}} "tender, sore" has a sequence of two affricates, whereas {{IPA|sal|stiʕít.ʃən|}} "killdeer" has a tee-esh sequence. All stop consonants are clearly released, even in clusters or word-finally. Though they are generally not aspirated, aspiration often occurs before obstruents and epenthetic schwas before sonorants. For example, the word {{IPA|/t͡ʃɬkʷkʷtˀnéˀws/}} "a fat little belly" is pronounced {{IPA|[t͡ʃɬkꭩkꭩtʰəʔnéʔʍs]}}; likewise, {{IPA|/t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéˀlʃt͡ʃn/}} "woodtick" is pronounced {{IPA|[t͡ʃt͡ʃt͡sʼéʔt͡ɬʃᵗʃən]}}, and {{IPA|/ppíˀl/}} is {{IPA|[pʰpíḭᵗɬə̥]}}.

Spokane vowels show five contrasts: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, but almost all examples of {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are lowered from {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, respectively, when those precede uvulars, or precede or follow pharyngeals. Unstressed vowels are inserted to break up certain consonant clusters, with the vowel quality determined by the adjacent consonants. The epenthetic vowel is often realized as {{IPA|/ə/}}, but also {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before rounded uvulars, and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before alveolars and palatals.{{Cite journal|last1=Esling|first1=John H.|last2=Carlson|first2=Barry F.|date=December 2000|title=Spokane|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=97–102|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006708|s2cid=232350027 |issn=1475-3502}}

The consonant inventory of Spokane differs from Salish somewhat, including plain and glottalized central alveolar approximants {{IPA|/ɹ/}} and {{IPA|/ˀɹ/}}, and a uvular series instead of post-velar.

Spokane words are polysynthetic, typically based on roots with CVC(C) structure, plus many affixes. There is one main stress in each word, though the location of stress is determined in a complex way (Black 1996).{{Cite thesis|title=The morphological and phonological structures of Spokane lexemes|url=https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9805|date=1996|degree=PhD|first=Deirdre Jean|last=Black|publisher=University of Victoria}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• "Phonetic Structures of Montana Salish". Flemming, Ladefoged, & Thomason, 1994. In UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II
• Carlson, Barry. "Situation aspect and a Spokane control morpheme." International Journal of American Linguistics (1996): 59-69.

{{Refbegin}}

• Giorda, Joseph, and Gregory Mengarini. [https://archive.org/details/adictionarykali00jesugoog A Dictionary of the Kalispel or Flat-Head Indian Language]. [St. Ignatius]: St. Ignatius Print, Montana, 1877. ([http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/kalispel/dictionary.pdf Information on how its transcription does not fully indicate pronunciation]).
• Post, John A., and Brenda J. Speck. An Edition of Father Post's Kalispel Grammar. Missoula: University of Montana, 1980.
• Vogt, Hans. The Kalispel Language, An Outline of the Grammar with Text, Translations and Dictionary. Oslo: I kommisjon hos J. Dybwad, 1940.

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Montana Salish language}}

{{Incubator|code=fla}}

{{wiktionary category}}

• [http://salishworld.com Nkwusm Salish Language Revitalization Institute]
• [https://sites.google.com/site/salishlanguage/ Seliš u Qlispé Nuwewlštn, The Salish & Pend d'Oreille Comprehensive, Sequenced Language Curriculum]
• [http://salishworld.com/SalishChar-Koosta.htm Char-Koosta News Salish lessons]
• [https://www.kalispeltribe.com/our-tribe/language Salish language, Kalispel Tribe website], written and audio online course
• {{Cite web

| title = Salish Language Tutor, Story Teller

| work = Kalispel Tribe

| access-date = 2013-02-18

| url = http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-software/

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140317214655/http://www.kalispeltribe.com/language-software/

| archive-date = 2014-03-17

| url-status = dead

}}

• [http://www.thesalishinstitute.org/s Seliš Nuwewlštn, A Beginning Course in Salish & Pend d'Oreille Dialect], Salish Institute, [https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/1015313647 Flashcards, Snʔawʔawtn 2: Level 2, Book 2]
• [http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/kalispel/ Language of the Kalispel, Gonzaga University]
• [http://spokanesalish.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/inl%CA%94ew/ Spokane Salish Blog]
• {{Cite web

| title = Flathead, aka Kalispel, Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille, Kalispel-Pend D'oreille

| work = Endangered Languages Project

| url = http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/fla

| access-date = 2013-02-18

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160317052000/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/fla

| archive-date = 2016-03-17

| url-status = dead

}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201184159/http://salishworld.com/merchandise_CD-Books.htm Salish language books and CDs], from Nkwusm
• {{Cite book

| last = Connolly S. J.

| first = Thomas E.

| title = Quay-Lem U En-Chow-Men

| access-date = 2014-03-01

| date = 1958

| url = https://archive.org/details/Quay-lemUEn-chow-men

}}

• [http://www.language-archives.org/language/fla OLAC resources in and about the Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille language]

• [http://www.cskt.org/hc/salishlanguage.htm Salish Words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064930/http://www.cskt.org/hc/salishlanguage.htm |date=2014-04-27 }}, Salish/Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee
• [http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/kalispel/sounds.swf Sounds of the Kalispel], English-Kalispel
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130725153227/http://spokanelanguage.com/PICT_DICTIONARY.htm Learn Spokane Salish Picture Dictionary]
• [http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/kalispel/dictionaries.html Dictionaries, Language of the Kalispel], 1800s
• [http://salishworld.com/Selish%20Dictionary_inprogress_d%202.4.pdf English to Salish Dictionary], 2005
• {{Cite book

| edition = 2nd

| publisher = Salish Kootenai College Press

| last = Pete

| first = Tachini

| title = Seliš nyoʔnuntn = Medicine for the Salish language: English to Salish translation dictionary

| isbn = 978-1934594063

| location = Pablo, Mont; Lincoln, Neb.

| date = 2010

}}

• [https://ankiweb.net/shared/decks/salish Salish language flashcard decks]

• [http://www.salishaudio.org/SalishLC/SalishLC.html Salish Audio], Salish-Pend d'Oreille Culture Committee
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080105071939/http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/FLA/FLA.html Montana Salish (Flathead)], UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive
• [http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/3987 Flathead-Kalispel language] - Audio Bible stories and lessons

• [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfqwB9Sr5HFjF5WLiLY3E3C1ydpORz2k9 Salish Language] Salish Kootenai College
• [https://www.youtube.com/user/Nkwusm Nkwusm Salish Language School] YouTube channel
• [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL94hr8ur6xv5bQtXE8BeKEM88RzaP6vvJ Salish stories], from Seliš Nuwewlštn, A Beginning Course in Salish & Pend d'Oreille Dialect

{{Salishan languages}}

{{Languages of Montana}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indigenous peoples in Washington}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montana Salish Language}}

Category:Interior Salish languages

Category:Indigenous languages of Montana

Category:Native American language revitalization

Category:Endangered Indigenous languages of the Americas

Category:Pend d'Oreilles