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Sallaans dialect

{{Short description|Dialects of Salland region}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Sallaans

|pronunciation=

|states=Netherlands

|speakers={{sigfig|347,000|2}}

|date= 2009

|ref=e25

|familycolor=Indo-European

|fam2=Germanic

|fam3=West Germanic

|fam4=North Sea Germanic

|fam5=Low Saxon

|fam6=West Low German

|fam7=Westphalian{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

|fam8=Gelders-Overijssels{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

|iso3=sdz

|glotto=sall1238

|glottorefname=Sallands

}}

Sallaans ({{langx|nl|Sallands}}; Low Saxon: Sallaands) is a collective term for the Westphalian{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} dialects of the region Salland, in the province of Overijssel, as well as in minor parts of Gelderland and Drenthe in the Eastern Netherlands, and a small part in the North and the East of Veluwe.A. A. Weijnen, Nederlandse dialectkunde, 1958, p. 461, Kaart 36a - De noordoostelijke dialecten ([https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01_01/ online]) In the Kop van Overijssel, the Stellingwarfs dialect is spoken.

A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect. Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be the name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen. Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks. This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie. For example, the word 'house' (Standard Dutch {{lang|nl|huis}} {{IPA|[ɦœys]}}) is hoes {{IPA|[ɦuːs]}} in Twents but huus {{IPA|[ɦyːs]}} in Sallaans. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had not diphthongized {{IPAblink|yː}} to {{IPA|[œy]}}, and due to their prestigious status they triggered the shift from {{IPAblink|uː}} to {{IPAblink|yː}}.Henk Bloemhoff, Jurjen van der Kooi, Hermann Niebaum en Siemon Reker (red.), Handboek Nedersaksische Taal- en Letterkunde, Assen: Van GorcumH. Scholtmeijer (2006), Mörn! Taalgids Overijssel, Assen: In Boekvorm Uitgevers bv. (p.64-65)G.G. Kloeke (1927) De Hollandsche expansie in de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw en haar weerspiegeling in de hedendaagsche Nederlandsche dialecten: Proeve eener historisch-dialectgeographische synthese

Phonology

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Consonants in the dialect of Raalte{{sfnp|Spa|2011|pp=40, 47}}

! colspan="2" |

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Dorsal

!Glottal

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d}}

|({{IPA link|ɡ}})

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|f}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|χ}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|v}}

|{{IPA link|z}}

|{{IPA link|ɣ}}

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPA link|ʋ}}

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

  • {{IPA|[ɡ]}} appears only as an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} before voiced consonants.{{sfnp|Spa|2011|p=47}}
  • /{{IPA|ʋ}}/ occurring before and after back-rounded vowels is pronounced as a labio-velar approximant [{{IPA|w}}].
  • After long close and close-mid vowels, {{IPA|/r/}} surfaces as a diphthongization of the vowel, as in zoer {{IPA|[ˈzuːə̯]}}. This also happens in compounds: veurkämer {{IPA|[vøːə̯kæːmər]}}.{{fix|text=stress needed|date=February 2020}} It is also often dropped preconsonantally after {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Spa|2011|pp=42–43}}

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Raalte monophthongs{{sfnp|Spa|2011|pp=11–35}}

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="4" |Front

! rowspan="3" |Central

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back

class="small"

! colspan="2" |unrounded

! colspan="2" |rounded

short

!long

!short

!long

!short

!long

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|iː}}

|{{IPA link|y}}

|{{IPA link|yː}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

|{{IPA link|uː}}

Close-mid

|{{IPA link|ɪ}}

|{{IPA link|eː}}

|{{IPA link|ʏ}}

|{{IPA link|øː}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|ʊ}}

|{{IPA link|oː}}

Open-mid

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ɛː}}

|{{IPA link|œ}}

|{{IPA link|œː}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

|{{IPA link|ɔː}}

Open

|{{IPA link|æ}}

|{{IPA link|æː}}

| colspan="2" |

|

|{{IPA link|ɑ}}

|{{IPA link|ɑː}}

  • Unlike in Standard Dutch, the long close-mid monophthongs {{IPA|/eː, øː, oː/}} are actual monophthongs and not narrow closing diphthongs {{IPA|[ei, øy, ou]}}. They do not appear before {{IPA|/r/}} whenever that consonant occurs before a vowel or at the end of a word, where the open-mid series {{IPA|/ɛː, œː, ɔː/}} occurs instead.{{sfnp|Spa|2011|pp=19, 21, 23, 42}}
  • The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is often dropped before {{IPA|/n/}}, resulting in a syllabic nasal homorganic with the preceding consonant. This occurs after most consonants, including nasals themselves: piepen {{IPA|[ˈpipm̩]}}, slóffen {{IPA|[ˈslʊfɱ̍]}}, gieten {{IPA|[ˈχiːtn̩]}}, kieken {{IPA|[ˈkikŋ̍]}}, esprungen {{IPA|[əˈsprœŋŋ̍]}}, lachen {{IPA|[ˈlɑχɴ̩]}}. The sequences {{IPA|/əl/}} and {{IPA|/ər/}} are treated the same, except for the fact that they do not assimilate to the place of articulation of the preceding consonant.{{sfnp|Spa|2011}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Raalte diphthongs{{sfnp|Spa|2011|pp=35–39}}

!

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Back

Close

|{{IPA|ij, iu}}

|{{IPA|yi, yu}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|uw}}

Open

|{{IPA|ɛi ɪu}}

|{{IPA|œy}}

|{{IPA|ɔi ʊi}}

|{{IPA|ɑu}}

  • {{IPA|/œy/}} is realized as {{IPA|[œi]}} before vowels and in the word-final position.{{sfnp|Spa|2011|p=44}}

Some examples

=Present tense=

class="wikitable"
SallaansDutchEnglish
Ik loop(e)Ik loopI walk
Ie loopt / lopenJij looptYou walk
Hee/hi'j / Zie/zi'j lup(t)Hij / Zij looptHe / she walks
Wie loopt / lopenWij lopenWe walk
Jullie / Juulu / ieluu loopt / lopenJullie lopenYou walk (plural)
Zie loopt / lopenZij lopenThey walk

=Past tense=

class="wikitable"
SallaansDutchEnglish
Ik liepeIk liepI walked
Ie liep'nJij liepYou walked
Hee / Zee liepHij / Zij liepHe / She walked
Wuu-lu liep'nWij liepenWe walked
Jullie / Juu-lu liep'nJullie liepenYou walked (plural)
Zie liep'nZij liepenThey walked

=Plurals and diminutives=

class="wikitable"
SallaansDutchEnglish
een kommeeen komOne bowl
twee komm'ntwee kommenTwo bowls

class="wikitable"
SallaansDutchEnglish
een kömmegieeen kommetjeone little bowl
twee kömmegiestwee kommetjestwo little bowls

References

{{InterWiki|code=nds-nl}}

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book

|last=Spa

|first=J.J.

|title=De dialecten van centraal-Salland: Raalte, Heino en Lemelerveld

|publisher=

|year=2011

|isbn=

|location=

|pages=

}}

{{refend}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}

  • {{citation

|last=Nijen Twilhaar

|first=Jan

|chapter=Deventer

|editor-last1=Kruijsen

|editor-first1=Joep

|editor-last2=van der Sijs

|editor-first2=Nicoline

|title=Honderd Jaar Stadstaal

|publisher=Uitgeverij Contact

|date=1999

|pages=59–73

|url=http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf

}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • [http://www.meertens.nl/books/winkler/zwolle.html The Parable of the Prodigal Son in the Zwolle variety of Sallaans]
  • [http://www.meertens.nl/books/winkler/deventer.html The same, from Deventer]

{{Languages of the Benelux}}

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Category:Westphalian dialects

Category:Dutch Low Saxon

Category:Languages of the Netherlands

Category:Culture of Drenthe

Category:Culture of Overijssel

Category:Salland

Category:Emmen, Netherlands