Salmonella bongori

{{Speciesbox

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| genus = Salmonella

| species = bongori

| authority = (Le Minor et al. 1985) Reeves et al. 1989

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Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp. bongori or S. choleraesuis subsp. bongori. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (bacillus), which causes a gastrointestinal disease called salmonellosis, characterized by cramping and diarrhoea. It is typically considered a microbe of cold-blooded animals, unlike other members of the genus, and is most frequently associated with reptiles.{{cite book | author = Tortora GA | title =Microbiology: An Introduction]| edition = 9th|publisher =Pearson|year =2008|pages=323–324|isbn = 978-8131722329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO_vLvPXXeQC&q=salmonella+bongori+lizard&pg=PA323 }}

It was discovered in 1966 from a lizard in the city of Bongor, Chad, from which the specific name bongori was derived.{{cite journal |author1=Le Minor L |author2=Chamoiseau G |author3=Barbe E |author4=Charie-Marsaines C |author5=Egron L |year=1969 |title= 10 new Salmonella serotypes isolated in Chad |journal= Annales de l'Institut Pasteur |volume=116 |issue=6|pages=775–80|pmid=5363515}} After decades of controversy in Salmonella nomenclature, it gained the species status in 2005.{{cite journal |author1=Agbaje M |author2=Begum RH |author3=Oyekunle MA |author4=Ojo OE |author5=Adenubi OT |year=2011 |title=Evolution of Salmonella nomenclature: a critical note |journal= Folia Microbiologia |volume=56 |issue=6|pages=497–503|doi=10.1007/s12223-011-0075-4|pmid=22052214 |s2cid=19799923 }}

Pathogenicity and epidemiology

S. bongori is classically regarded as the Salmonella of lizards. However, discrete investigations contradict the notion of strict host-specificity, as reports emerged of occurrence in dogs and birds.{{cite journal |author1=Foti M |author2=Daidone A |author3=Aleo A |author4=Pizzimenti A |author5=Giacopello C |author6=Mammina C |year=2009 |title=Salmonella bongori 48:z35:- in migratory birds, Italy. |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=15 |issue=3|pages=502–503|doi=10.3201/eid1503.080039|pmid=19239780 |pmc=2681106}}{{cite journal |author1=Giammanco GM |author2=Pignato S |author3=Mammina C |author4=Grimont F |author5=Grimont PA |author6=Nastasi A |author7=Giammanco G |year=2002 |title=Persistent endemicity of Salmonella bongori 48:z(35):--in Southern Italy: molecular characterization of human, animal, and environmental isolates|journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40 |issue=9|pages=3502–3505|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3502-3505.2002|pmid=12202604 |pmc=130773}} In animals, unlike those of other Salmonella, infection is generally asymptomatic and does not cause discernible effects. However, infection of pet animals is associated with diarrhea.

Further, human infections have been substantiated, with conclusive reports from Italy. The majority of these cases are among children less than 3 years old, who are more prone to oral contact with animal droppings. Symptoms are typified by diarrhoea with fever and acute enteritis.{{cite journal |author1=Pignato S |author2=Giammanco G |author3=Santangelo C |author4=Giammanco GM |year=1998 |title=Endemic presence of Salmonella bongori 48:z35:- causing enteritis in children in Sicily |journal= Research in Microbiology |volume= 149|issue=6|pages=429–31|pmid=9766242 |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/3/08-0039_article.htm |doi=10.1016/s0923-2508(98)80325-2|doi-access=free }} The first observations, from Messina and Palermo, starting from late 1984, were followed by other cities in Sicily.{{cite journal|last1=Nastasi|first1=A|last2=Mammina|first2=C|last3=Salsa|first3=L|title=Outbreak of Salmonella enteritis bongori 48:z35:- in Sicily|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=4|issue=9|pages=97–98|language=en|doi=10.2807/esm.04.09.00067-en|date=1 September 1999|pmid=12631892|doi-access=free}}

Origin and evolution

Originally S. bongori was considered to be a subspecies within the genus Salmonella. However, based on DNA similarity, all members of Salmonella are now grouped into only two species, namely S. bongori and S. enterica. Species of Salmonella are closely related to E. coli and they are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor about 100 million years ago; their genomes still display significant similarity, hence many functional identities. Many of the genes which are unique to Salmonella serovars, compared to E. coli, are found on large discrete genomic islands such as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs).{{cite journal |author1=Schmidt H |author2=Hensel M |year=2004 |title=Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. |journal= Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume= 17|issue=1|pages=14–56|doi=10.1128/cmr.17.1.14-56.2004|pmid=14726454 |pmc=321463}} These Salmonella-specific functions include many genes for their virulence and characterize the divergence of S. enterica from S. bongori. For instance, the SPI-2 gene which encodes type III secretion systems present in S. enterica is absent in S. bongori.{{cite journal |author1=Helaine S |author2=Thompson JA |author3=Watson KG |author4=Liu M |author5=Boyle C |author6=Holden DW |year=2010 |title=Dynamics of intracellular bacterial replication at the single cell level. |journal= Proc Natl Acad Sci USA|volume=107 |issue=10|pages=3746–3751|doi=10.1073/pnas.1000041107|pmid=20133586 |pmc=2840444|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.3746H |doi-access=free }} Also, the virulence determinants, specifically effector proteins, are indicated to be more closely related to enteropathogenic E. coli because some of the gene are missing in S. enterica.{{cite journal |vauthors=Fookes M, Schroeder GN, Langridge GC, Blondel CJ, Mammina C, etal |year=2011 |title=Salmonella bongori provides insights into the evolution of the Salmonellae |journal= PLOS Pathogens |volume=7 |issue=8|pages=e1002191|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002191|pmid=21876672 |pmc=3158058 |doi-access=free }}

References

External links

[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/54736 Taxonomy at UniProt]
[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/downloads/bacteria/salmonella.html Genome information at The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]
[http://bacmap.wishartlab.com/organisms/1424 Biography at Bacmap Genome Atlas]
[http://eol.org/pages/972644/names Classification at Encyclopedia of Life]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=54736&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy at NCBI]
[http://old.dsmz.de/microorganisms/bacterial_nomenclature_info.php?bnu_no=780745 Nomenclature at the Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20040926084532/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/salmonellanom.html#dnadna History of nomenclature]
[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=5125&submit=Search Type strain of Salmonella bongori at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

bongori

Category:Gram-negative bacteria