Samuel Laing (science writer)

{{Short description|British railway administrator, politician and writer}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = Samuel Laing

| image = Pieter Van Havermaet - Portrait of Samuel Laing, Chairman, London Brighton & South Coast Railway.jpg

| caption = Portrait of Samuel Laing by Pieter Van Havermaet, 1872

| office = Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland

|image_size= 180px

| term_start = 1873

| term_end = 1885

| predecessor = Frederick Dundas

| successor = Leonard Lyell

| office1 = Member of Parliament for Wick Burghs

| term_start1 = 1865

| term_end1 = 1868

| predecessor1 = Viscount Bury

| successor1 = George Loch

| term_start2 = 1859

| term_end2 = 1860

| predecessor2 = Lord John Hay

| successor2 = Viscount Bury

| term_start3 = 1852

| term_end3 = 1857

| predecessor3 = James Loch

| successor3 = Lord John Hay

| birth_name =

| birth_date = 12 December 1812{{Cite ODNB|id=15892 |title=Laing, Samuel}}

| birth_place = Edinburgh, Scotland

| death_date = {{death-date and age|6 August 1897|12 December 1812}}

| death_place = Sydenham, England

| death_cause =

| awards = Smith's Prize (1832)

| alma_mater = St John's College, Cambridge

| occupation = Railway administrator, politician, writer

| father = Samuel Laing

| relatives = Malcolm Laing (uncle)

}}

Samuel Laing (12 December 1812 – 6 August 1897) was a British railway administrator, politician, and writer on science and religion during the Victorian era.

Early life

Samuel Laing was born on 12 December 1812 in Edinburgh. His father, also called Samuel Laing (1780–1868), was a well-known author, whose books on Norway and Sweden attracted much attention. Laing the Younger's uncle was historian Malcolm Laing. Laing the Younger entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1827, and after graduating as Second Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman, was elected a fellow.{{acad|id=LN827S|name=Laing, Samuel}} He remained at Cambridge temporarily as a mathematics coach, before being called to the bar in 1837.

Career

He became private secretary to Henry Labouchere, later 1st Baron Taunton, who was then the President of the Board of Trade. In 1842, he was made secretary to the railway department, and retained this post until 1847. He had by then become an authority on railways, and had been a member of the Dalhousie Railway Commission; it was at his suggestion that the "parliamentary" rate of a penny a mile was instituted. In 1848, he was appointed chairman and managing director of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), and his business acumen showed itself in the largely increased prosperity of the line. He also became chairman (1852) of The Crystal Palace Company, but retired from both posts in 1855.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

In 1852, he was elected to Parliament as a Liberal Party candidate in Wick Burghs. After losing his seat in 1857, he was re-elected in 1859, and appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury; in 1860 he was made finance minister in India. On returning from India, he was re-elected to parliament for Wick in 1865. He was defeated in 1868, but in 1873 he was returned for Orkney and Shetland, and retained his seat until 1885. Early in 1867 he was elected to the board of the Great Eastern Railway who by that point were sliding towards receivership. On 1 July, the day before the GER went into receivership, he was reappointed chairman of the Brighton line, which was now on the point of bankruptcy following the over-ambitious expansion plans of the previous chairman. He continued in that post until 1896, and gradually restored the company to financial health.{{Cite web |url=http://www.lbscr.demon.co.uk/people/chairmen.html |title=LB&SCR Chairman |work=LB&SCR Online |access-date=25 April 2009 |last=Searle |first=David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706131611/http://www.lbscr.demon.co.uk/people/chairmen.html |archive-date=6 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }} He was also chairman of the Railway Debenture Trust and the Railway Share Trust.{{cite journal|last1=Ashton|first1=Geoff|title=The Great Eastern Railway 1862-1865|journal=Great Eastern Journal|date=April 2013|volume=155|pages=36, 37}}

=Science writer=

In later life, he became well known as an author, his Modern Science and Modern Thought (1885), Problems of the Future (1889) and Human Origins (1892) being widely read, not only by reason of the writer's influential position, experience of affairs and clear style, but also through their popular and at the same time well-informed treatment of the scientific problems of the day. Laing's attitude was generally positive towards new developments in science, and he offered an optimistic vision of progressive modernity. He also wrote on religion. His book A Modern Zoroastrian argued that the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism was more consistent with modern scientific thought than was traditional Christianity. He argued that the "all pervading principle of polarity" that was central Zoroastrian thought has been confirmed by science, and that modern Christianity should abandon its traditional theology to centre on the figure of Jesus as an ideal of humanity.

Personal life

Laing married Mary Dickson ({{nee}} Cowan) (1819–1902). Together, they were the parents of eleven children:{{Cite web|title=Family Search, Various Genealogical Records|website=FamilySearch |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/M3T8-ZNG}}

Samuel Laing (1843–1870), who died young.
Malcolm Alfred Laing (1846–1917)
Robert Laing (b. 1848)
Cecilia Mary Bruce Laing (1848–1942)
Mary Eliza Laing (1850–1936)

File:Leslie Ward - Politicians - Vanity Fair ^The Infant Samuel^ Mr Samuel Laing 16 August 1873 - B1979.14.813 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg) in Vanity Fair, August 1873]]

Agnes Laing (1851–1933)
Florence Elizabeth Laing (1853–1952), an artist who married Edward Sherard Kennedy, an illegitimate son of Robert Sherard, 6th Earl of Harborough. After his death in 1900, she married on 27 December 1902 Joannes Gennadius (1844–1932),{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Marriages |date=1 January 1903 |page=1 |issue=36966}} later Greek Ambassador to England with whom she established the Gennadius Library at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA).{{Cite web|last=Vogeikoff|first=Natalia|date=2 October 2016|title=The Bohemian Past of Madame Gennadius|url=https://nataliavogeikoff.com/2016/10/02/the-bohemian-past-of-madame-gennadius/#more-2413}}
Francis Kelly Lang (1854–1874)
Theresa Uzielli Laing (1857–1943)
Henry Rudolph Laing (1858–1941)
Robert Laing (1859–1860), who died young.

Laing was often claimed to have been the father of the novelist Mary Eliza Kennard (1850–1936).[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198117605.001.0001/acref-9780198117605-e-665 Kennard, Mrs Edward: Mary Eliza Laing], OxfordReference.com, retrieved 22 February 2014 This issue is still in dispute.Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements, Isobel Grundy, The Feminist Companion to Literature in English (1990), p. 606: "Kennard, Mary Eliza (Faber), 'Mrs Edward Kennard', d. 1936, sporting novelist, da. of Mary (Beckett) and Charles Wilson F. (not Samuel Laing, as sometimes claimed) of Northaw, Herts." However birth entries at the General Register Office for her sons Lionel Edward Kennard and Malcolm Alfred Kennard both have Laing as the mother's maiden name. Furthermore, the transcribed parish record entry for her marriage to Edward Kennard on 19 April 1870 at Saint Nicholas church, Brighton gives her name as Mary Eliza Laing, daughter of Samuel Laing.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Laing died on 6 August 1897 at his home in Sydenham, England and was buried in the Brighton Extramural Cemetery.