San Bruno Mountain

The southern border of San Francisco runs up the north reaches of the mountain; post-WW2 residential tracts of Southern Hills and Bayshore encircle the mountain-side. Construction there inspired Malvina Reynolds song Little Boxes (a 1964 Billboard Hot 100 hit for singer Pete Seeger).{{cite book | url=https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp-copyright/5249/ | title=Little boxes | year=1963 | publisher=Schroder Music Co }}{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1964-02-22/ | title=Billboard Hot 100 | magazine=Billboard }} The Bayshore neighborhood features the 1941 Cow Palace indoor arena, and faces a large bay-landfill.

At the western end of the mountain, Daly City's "top-of-the-hill" community was founded on John Daly's dairy farm by San Francisco residents fleeing the 1906 quake.{{cite web | url=https://www.dalycity.org/760/History-of-Daly-City | title=History of Daly City | Daly City, CA }} Brisbane is on an eastern prominence, while the residential portion of the community of South San Francisco spills into the southeastern valleys. The large cemeteries in Colma abut nearly two miles of the mountain's south flank; most were developed after the City and County of San Francisco evicted all burial grounds from the county in 1912.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/sports/football/the-town-of-colma-where-san-franciscos-dead-live.html | title=The Town of Colma, Where San Francisco's Dead Live | newspaper=The New York Times | date=5 February 2016 | last1=Branch | first1=John }}

The Guadalupe Canyon Industrial Park abuts the north side of the south ridge; it is home to warehousing, storage, and transportation facilities, to Brisbane's city-hall, as well as a bakery and indoor sports facilities. It also contains a large gravel/crushed-rock quarry which opened in 1895, and which has provided material for SFO runways and US 101.https://www.brisbanequarry.com/ Radio towers occupy the highest (1,319 ft) peak, and may be accessed from the San Bruno County Park center, in the "saddle" between the north and south ridges.

A series of historic maps and photos of the area{{cite web | url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/73a1163cc6db48568299468bd9024fa0 | title=Brisbane, CA | date=7 September 2022 }} may be viewed at the website of the City of Brisbane.

File:San Bruno Mountains 1869.jpg

San Bruno Mountain is a part of the Franciscan Formation; sedimentary rock laid down in the Mesozoic, then uplifted as fault-blocks starting in the Pleistocene;{{cite web | url=https://www.mountainwatch.org/about-the-mountain-1# | title=About the Mountain }} prior to the initial occurrence of the San Andreas transform-fault.{{cite web | url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/calandscape/session3/franciscan.html | title=The Franciscan Formation: Where the Rock and Plate Tectonic Cycles Converge }} The formation is centered on present-day San Francisco, composed of small ranges trending northwest-to-southeast from the peninsula up into Marin County.

The mountain is largely formed of late Cretaceous graywacke exposed on high ridges and on steep canyon walls. This dark greenish-gray rock is a poorly-sorted sandstone with angular fragments of feldspar and detrital chert. The fragments suggest rapid erosion and deposit in a sea-basin, visible fossils are rare. Microscopic fossils, though, abound in the radiolarian chert seen on south facing slopes of San Bruno Mountain and at Point San Bruno. Finally, Serpentinite outcrops occur near Serbian Ravine and at Point San Bruno; this California State Rock is a greenish soft metamorphic material; . With their unusual and diverse mineral composition, serpentine soils host a variety of rare plants which support even-rarer animal life.

The mountain pairs two parallel ranges separated by the Guadalupe Valley and Colma Canyon and united by a saddle. The lower north range (also called Crocker Hills) attains a peak of {{convert|850|ft|0}}. The south range rises abruptly from Merced Valley at the south to the {{convert|1319|ft|0}} Radio Peak in a horizontal distance of only {{convert|0.8|mi}}. Slightly to the east of the highest peak, south of the main range, a small block reaches {{convert|581|ft|0}} in South San Francisco, named Sign Hill for the large letters there since the 1920s. An even-smaller block rising {{convert|246|ft|0}} is now called Siplichiquin Hill to memorialize the nearby ancient Ramaytush shoreline hamlet. Into the early 1900s, San Francisco Bay still lapped directly against the eastern flank of San Bruno Mountain; but today the entire bay shoreline is fill.Geology and Natural History of the San Francisco Bay Area; A Field-Trip Guidebook|Edited by Philip W. Stoffer and Leslie C. Gordon|2001|U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2188|https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2188/|#3: Geology of the Golden Gate Headlands

The region is drained by two streams: Guadalupe Valley Creek flows east between the two ranges to reach the Bay north of Brisbane - most of it now runs through underground culverts.{{cite web | url=https://www.flowstobay.org/data-resources/resources/creeks-of-san-mateo-councty | title=Major Creeks of San Mateo County – Flows to Bay }} Colma Creek rises from a source in San Bruno Mountain State and County Park, runs west into Colma Canyon, then turns southeast and runs south along the base of the mountain (fed by Twelve-Mile Creek along Westborough Boulevard, and at least eight other streams) until it reaches the San Francisco Bay north of San Francisco International Airport.{{Cite web |title=Colma Creek Watershed |url=http://explore.museumca.org/creeks/1590-RescColma.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=explore.museumca.org}} Steelhead trout historically swam nearly to the headwaters of Colma Creek to spawn; boats carried supplies up to the Southern Pacific stop (now Molloy's Tavern on Old Mission Road in Colma).{{cite web | title=The Real Heart of the Mountain 1945-2014 | date=28 February 2017 | publisher=California Native Plant Society | url=http://cnps-yerbabuena.org/the-real-heart-of-the-mountain-1945-2014 }} Seasonal creeks to drain runoff cut ravines in the south face; after a heavy rain a 12-foot waterfall regularly appears in Juncus ravine behind Hillside School,{{cite web | url=https://bayesianinvestor.com/waterfalls/sanbruno.html | title = waterfall at (37.67560, -122.42409)}} others may be found in Guadalupe canyon.{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi7IveZ4Kr4 | title=Twin-Plume Waterfall in San Bruno Mountain Park | website=YouTube | date=5 February 2017 }}

File:San Bruno Mountains (15586403160).jpg

An inland sand-dune (Colma formation) is found on the western slope behind Daly City's John F. Kennedy Elementary School, more than two-and-a-half miles from the ocean and elevated more than seven hundred feet above sea-level.{{cite web | url=https://en-us.topographic-map.com/map-81zs/Daly-City/ | title=Daly City topographic map, elevation, terrain }} Reputedly, an exploratory gold mine exists on the mountain, above the Southern Hills.,{{cite web | url=https://everythingsouthcity.com/2014/05/adventure-to-the-legendary-crystal-cave-of-san-bruno-mountain/ | title=Adventure to the Legendary Crystal Cave of San Bruno Mountain | date=22 May 2014 }}{{cite web | url=https://thediggings.com/mines/27085 | title=Black Mountain Gold Mine Near Daly City, California }} while the South San Francisco Land And Improvement Company registered a small silver, lead, and zinc mine in 1919.{{cite web | url=https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10035139 | title=South San Francisco Land and Improvement Company Silver Mine in South San Francisco, California }}{{cite web | url=https://thediggings.com/mines/20851 | title=South San Francisco Land and Improvement Company Silver Mine in South San Francisco, California }}

The mountain's climate is dominated by marine air flow heading inland, temperatures are mild to chilly in all seasons. Summer temperatures are further affected by marine fog shrouding the mountain mornings and evenings between late June and October, particularly the western slopes. Minimum temperature may fall below {{convert|50|F}} in some sheltered valleys. Wind speed is higher than at surrounding locations;{{cite web | url=https://www.smcgov.org/parks/san-bruno-mountain-park-natural-features | title=San Bruno Mountain Park Natural Features | County of San Mateo, CA }} on ridges winter storms regularly produce gusts from {{convert|50|to|80|mph}}.{{cite web | url=https://www.weather.gov/mtr/AtmosphericRiver_10_24-25_2021 | title=Atmospheric River Brings Historic Rainfall to the Bay Area }} Precipitation is similar to surrounding cities, or about {{convert|22|in|mm}} per-annum; approximately 66 days-per-annum have measurable rainfall. Very occasionally, the mountain been covered with snow (recorded in December 1932, January 1952, January 1957, January 1962, February 5, 1976, February 26, 2011, and February 5, 2019).{{cite web | url=https://www.thesixfifty.com/a-white-christmas-in-the-bay-area-these-snowy-historical-pics-prove-it-to-be-possible-5414/ | title=A white Christmas in the Bay Area? These snowy historical pics prove it to be possible | date=12 December 2018 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-rare-snowfall-san-francisco-bay-area-on-2-5-1976-of-southern-san-francisco-16426302.html | title=Rare snowfall San Francisco Bay area on 2 5 1976 of southern San Francisco and San Bruno Mountain California Stock Photo - Alamy }}{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-snow-bay-area-20190205-story.html | title=Rare snow falls on San Francisco's Twin Peaks as California gets rare dusting | website=Los Angeles Times | date=5 February 2019 }}

The northern end of the San Francisco peninsula was primarily covered by plant communities of the grasslands, coastal scrub, redwood and mixed evergreen forest types prior to being overtaken by urban development. And, though much of the Pacific side of the Santa Cruz Mountains south of Montara Mountain is forested, grasslands and scrub predominated from Montara Mountain to the Golden Gate.{{cite web | url=https://www.sfei.org/projects/peninsula-watershed-historical-ecology-study | title=Peninsula Watershed Historical Ecology Study | San Francisco Estuary Institute }} Along the San Francisco Bay, most of the original wetlands have been filled in by sediment from inland human activities (hydraulic mining, dredging, farmland runoff) and by purposeful landfill.{{cite web | url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11799297/large-parts-of-the-bay-area-are-built-on-fill-why-and-where | title=Large Parts of the Bay Area Are Built on Fill. Why and Where? | date=6 February 2020 }} More than eighty small streams draining to the Bay provided riparian habitat along the peninsula.{{cite web | url=http://explore.museumca.org/creeks/ | title=Guide to SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA CREEKS }}

San Bruno mountain is not only one of the largest remaining examples of the original ecosystems, but also encompasses many microsystems in its relatively small area. The mineral content of the underlying rock and the high velocity marine air have evolved unusual varieties of flora and sustained specialized fauna that live among them. There are a variety of habitats in this mountainous area, and notably the following rare or endangered flora:

• Coast rock cress (Arabis blepharophylla)
• Franciscan Wallflower (Erysimum franciscanum)
• Montara Manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis)
• Niebla halei lichen
• Pacifica Manzanita (Arctostaphylos pacifica)
• San Bruno Mountain Manzanita (Arctostaphylos imbricata)
• San Francisco Campion (Silene verecunda)
• San Francisco Lessinga (Lessingia germanorum)
• San Francisco Owl's Clover (Orthocarpus floribundus)

The State Parks system, San Mateo County, private agencies, water-districts, and cities surrounding the mountain have all begun efforts to mitigate effects of invasive species,{{cite web | url=https://www.mountainwatch.org/colma-creek | title=Colma Creek Collective }}{{cite web | url=https://www.brisbaneca.org/publicworks/page/habitat-protection | title=Habitat Protection | Brisbane, CA }}{{cite web | url=https://www.fws.gov/story/2023-09/new-project-aims-give-endangered-bay-area-butterfly-boost | title=New Project Aims to Give Endangered Bay Area Butterfly a Boost | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service | date=27 September 2023 }} many of which are successful in crowding-out native flora and fauna. Beginning in 1853, for example, many variants of Eucalyptus were brought to San Francisco. Used for windbreaks, shade, and firewood, their ability to thrive and grow quickly in very dry conditions got them planted throughout California in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; increased populations of the monarch butterfly and several bird species were side-effects. Groves of eucalyptus, however, radically alter subterranean hydrology, they are very susceptible to fire and wind, and their shade and chemical composition have proved to discourage other plants and the fauna those plants support.{{cite web | url=https://ucanr.edu/sites/Igor/Mature_-_Historic_Tree_Stands/Eucalyptus_in_California/ | title=Eucalyptus in California }} After the Oakland firestorm of 1991, many localities (including San Bruno Mountain State and County Park) began projects to reduce or eliminate eucalyptus stands.{{cite web | url=https://www.smcgov.org/parks/san-bruno-mountain-park-ecosystem-health-fuel-reduction | title=San Bruno Mountain Park Ecosystem Health & Fuel Reduction | County of San Mateo, CA }} Other non-native flora being targeted on the mountain include common gorse and broom (introduced as a garden shrubs), fennel (brought for food), yellow-blooming oxalis (which spreads rapidly, is difficult to control and attracts gophers), as well as a variety of non-native grasses.

The county also reports that plague was detected in rodents on the mountain during the 1940s.{{cite web | url=https://www.smcmvcd.org/plague | title=Plague }}

The earliest Spanish explorers on the San Francisco peninsula found the north end occupied by Ramaytush-speaking Ohlone peoples. The Yelamu seasonal hamlet of Siplichiquin occupied the southeastern point of the mountain, sheltered from western breezes and facing an oyster-laden cove; the occupants covered their dead with the shells.{{cite web | url=https://www.giarts.org/article/buried-shells | title=Buried in Shells }} Tested samples from the Siplichiquin shellmound indicate regular and continuous occupation from 3,200 BCE {{cite web | url=https://www.tpl.org/media-room/historic-burial-site-could-be-protected-ca | title=Historic Burial Site Could be Protected (CA) }} (contemporary with the earliest dynasties of Ancient Egypt; and possibly a Hokan or early Penutian settlement pre-dating the Ohlone[https://files.ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/252624-2/attachment/ Unknown]{{Dead link | date=January 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}) through AD 1800.

Other prehistoric shell middens (names unrecorded and now unknown) have been unearthed during excavations over the past century - now denominated with CA-SMA numbers 44, 299, and 355.{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://files.ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/252624-2/attachment/ZoOIOfjQj93gfgLGsVi0vQDJnJHx2FFxOTEa_ZWl2Pe6EFY4QYrFfvPbeXtDpkvxuWMbKNsVjo0yFv_G0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127074132/https://files.ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/252624-2/attachment/ZoOIOfjQj93gfgLGsVi0vQDJnJHx2FFxOTEa_ZWl2Pe6EFY4QYrFfvPbeXtDpkvxuWMbKNsVjo0yFv_G0 | archive-date=2023-01-27}} These are on the south flank of the mountain where Colma Creek once entered the salt marshes that formerly lined San Francisco Bay. All of them are presently considered outlying seasonal encampments for residents of Siplichichiquin and Urebure, and none have been extensively studied.

The Portola expedition visited San Francisco Bay in 1769. Sergeant Ortega's party of scouts crossed Sweeney Ridge, and are considered the first Europeans to see San Bruno Mountain.{{cite web | url=https://www.thesanfranciscopeninsula.com/things-to-do/arts-and-culture/ohlone-portola-heritage-trail/ | title=Ohlone-Portolá Heritage Trail | Discovery of San Francisco Bay }} On December 2, 1774, Alta California governor Fernando Rivera y Moncada and four soldiers (possibly with Father Palóu) climbed the mountain and watched the sun rise across the bay.On November 26 his expedition followed the Pajaro river to cross from Monterey Bay the Santa Clara Valley, then downstream along Coyote Creek to the Bay, where the expedition noted San Bruno Mountain in the distance. They reached the mountain on December 1, and attempted to climb it, but turned-back before dark.{{Cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43773364 | title="Rivera at San Francisco: A Journal of Exploration, 1774" | author=Alan K. Brown | journal=California Historical Society Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=4 |date=December 1962 | pages=325–341 | jstor=43773364 | access-date=2023-07-16 }}

The mountain was named by Bruno de Heceta to honor his patron saint,{{cite web | url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2022/03/18/saving-san-bruno-mountain-saints-sinners-saviors-and-the-saved/ | title=Saving San Bruno Mountain: Saints, Sinners, Saviors and the Saved | date=18 March 2022 }} and Sierra de San Bruno appears on the land-map of Rancho Cañada de Guadalupe drawn by Jean Jacques Vioget (presently in the collections of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley) some time in the 1840s.Diseño del Rancho Cañada de Guadalupe, la Visitacion y Rodeo Viejo: Calif|Maps of private land grant cases of California|California Digital Library|https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/hb1t1nb0bh/ That name was continued in use by the Geological Survey of California in 1865, which described the place as a short range extending from Sierra Point nearly to the Pacific Ocean.

File:Bayshore1915.jpg

San Bruno Mountain incorporates portions of five Spanish/Mexican land grants;{{cite web | url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/heckrotte/catalog/ks063fz4690 | title=Map of the country 40 miles around San Francisco : Exhibiting the county lines, and correct plats of all the ranchos finally surveyed and of the public land sectionized }} the southernmost and largest being Rancho Buri Buri. Jose Antonio Sanchez, a member of the 1776 De Anza Expedition, was awarded Rancho Buri Buri in 1827, it was confirmed by the Mexican government in 1835. Rancho Buri Buri extended from the bay salt flats to San Andreas Valley and from Daly City to Coyote Point in Burlingame. Its northern extremity included "La Portezuela" (Doorway) the pass between the western end of the mountain and the coastal upthrust along the San Andreas Fault, the juncture of Mission Street and El Camino Real. This gap was the main route between San Francisco and the peninsula before 1907, initially established to serve the missions, adopted by the Overland Stage in 1857, followed by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1863 and the Southern Pacific, and by I-280. The south flank of the mountain in present-day Colma, Daly City, and South San Francisco were all part of this grant.

Three other ranchos held minor portions of the northern flank of the mountain: Rancho Laguna de la Merced, Rancho Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo, and a corner of Rancho San Miguel all climbed the hills of the north range. Rancho Canada de Guadalupe la Visitacion y Rodeo Viejo, however, contained most of the present day San Bruno Mountain. It included the present-day city of Brisbane, Guadalupe Valley, Crocker Industrial Park, Visitacion Valley and the rodeo grounds south of Islais Creek. In 1835 Governor Vallejo granted this rancho to Jacob P. Leese, his brother-in-law. Leese exchanged it for a rancho near Clear Lake owned by Yerba Buena character Robert T. Ridley and his wife Presentacion (daughter of Juana Briones de Miranda).{{cite web | url=https://middletownhistory.weebly.com/robert-t-ridley--george-roch-rock.html | title=Robert T. Ridley & George Roch (Rock) }}

The Visitacion Rancho was auctioned by the sheriff after Ridley died in 1851. Despite claims by his widow,{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb109nb422/|title=Finding Aid to the Documents Pertaining to the Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852-1892|website=www.oac.cdlib.org}} the bulk of the grant (including the mountain) was acquired by property-attorney and Land-Commissioner Alfred Wheeler, and subsequently transferred to Henry R. Payson in 1855.{{cite web | url=https://casetext.com/case/clark-v-lockwood | title=Clark v. Lockwood, 21 Cal. 220 | Casetext Search + Citator }}{{Cite web| title=United States v. Payson et al. & Same v. Sanchez | url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0027.f.cas/0027.f.cas.0471.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204024424/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0027.f.cas/0027.f.cas.0471.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-04}} In 1884 banker Charles Crocker acquired the largest part of the holdings of this rancho amounting to {{convert|3,997|acres|0}}, and that land devolved to the Crocker Estate Company.

The United States Coast Survey sketch of San Francisco Bay drawn in 1853 from observations made from 1850 to 1852 labels the mountain as Abbey Hill,{{cite web | url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1853_U.S._Coast_Survey_Map_of_San_Francisco_Bay,_California_-_Geographicus_-_SanFranciscoBayJ2-uscs-1853.jpg | title=Sketch J. No. 2 Showing the Progress of the Survey of San Francisco Bay and Vicinity Section X from 1850 to 1852 }} which name appeared on U.S. Coast Survey maps until 1869. The United States Geological Survey surveyed the San Francisco area, producing a 15-minute topographic map in 1892{{Cite web| title=Map of San Francisco | year=1892 | url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=97afbc4bfac9cde792f0aec869791b01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630033114/https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=97afbc4bfac9cde792f0aec869791b01 | archive-date=2022-06-30}} and updating it in 1899.{{Cite web | url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=b143647a6655b8a172244ff8540a351c | title=Topographic Sheet - California | website=ngmdb.usgs.gov}}

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The County of San Francisco discouraged graveyard-expansion in the 1880s, and prohibited burials after 1900. New cemeteries were established over the county line in Colma on the southern flank of the mountain. Holy Cross Roman Catholic Cemetery, went into service in 1887,{{cite web | url=https://www.colma.ca.gov/departments/cemeteries/ | title=Cemeteries }} quickly followed by Jewish institutions Hills of Eternity Memorial Park and Home of Peace Cemetery which moved from San Francisco. The Chinese Six Companies established Hoy Sun Ning Yung Cemetery in 1898,{{cite web | url=https://www.mychinaroots.com/cemeteries/122/hoy-sun-memorial-cemetery | title=My China Roots }} while the most recent (and sixteenth) development is the neighboring Golden Hill Memorial Park & Funeral Home, begun in 1994.

The road to the top of the mountain (Radio Road) does not appear on the 1950 USGS 7.5-minute topographic map,{{Cite web| title=Map of San Francisco | year=1892 | url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=aec1ca71ada10bcfd2f3536e45cd4177 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630032622/https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=aec1ca71ada10bcfd2f3536e45cd4177 | archive-date=2022-06-30}} but does appear on the 1956 edition.{{Cite web| title=Map of San Francisco | year=1956 | url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=50511b26501e190734c3e4a160b19eda | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630032624/https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=50511b26501e190734c3e4a160b19eda | archive-date=2022-06-30}} In 1949 KRON (Channel 4) was the first television station to place a transmitter tower on Radio Peak, followed by KQED and KTVU, though these latter tenants moved their transmitters to Sutro Tower in the 1970s, while KTSF now transmits from Mount Allison. Radio Peak currently houses TV broadcasts for KRON, KOFY (and sister stations KCNZ and KQRM), KKPX, and KNTV. A number of FM radio stations built transmitter towers on the mountain, and in 2005, KNTV moved its transmitter to the mountain, on the former KCSM-TV tower. KTSF occupied the former KRON site until 2018, when it entered into a channel sharing agreement with KDTV-DT and moved to its site on Mount Allison. Radio transmitters presently on San Bruno Mountain include KIOI, KITS, KMEL, KMVQ, KOSF (formerly KSFX), KQED, and KSAN,

In 1954, construction was begun for an early-warning radar and missile-control site on the mountaintop. It became active in 1956, controlling Nike anti-aircraft defense systems at Fort Funston (SF-59) and Milagra Ridge (SF-51), and remained in service through March 1963. The site has been re-purposed, and no trace can now be seen.{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/cold-war.htm | title=Cold War Era, 1952-1974 - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service) }} The runways of San Francisco Airport are three miles from the peak; in 1998 a United Airlines 747 lost power in an engine and nearly crashed into the peak.{{cite news|author=Carley|first=William M.|date=19 March 1999|title=United 747's Near Miss Initiates A Widespread Review of Pilot Skills|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB921735188918701336|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108101445/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB921735188918701336|archive-date=8 January 2015|issn=0099-9660}}

In 1965, Westbay Community Associates announced a plan to level a portion of the mountain to fill {{convert|27|sqmi|sqkm}} of San Francisco Bay north of Sierra Point with landfill.{{cite web | url=https://48hills.org/2021/09/50-years-ago-san-bruno-mountain-was-almost-cut-in-half/ | title=50 years ago, San Bruno Mountain was almost cut in half | date=15 September 2021 }} The proposal intended to create housing developments in the "Saddle" and in the landfill zone. A four-lane limited-access road to connect the Bayshore Road to Radio Road was constructed to service the traffic from the proposed development; named the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway, it was completed in 1968. In order to remove {{convert|250|e6cuyd|m3}} of earth from the ridge, Westbay proposed using a conveyor belt system to transport the fill across Bayshore Boulevard and Bayshore Freeway to offshore barges, which would then deposit the material along the shores of the Bay.{{cite news | title=Brisbane: City of Stars, The First Twenty-Five Years (1961-1986) | date=1989 | publisher=The City of Brisbane | url=http://brisbaneca.org/sites/default/files/Brisbane.pdf |access-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926000728/http://brisbaneca.org/sites/default/files/Brisbane.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-26 |url-status=live }} Opposition by organizations such as Save The Bay{{cite news | first=Mike | last=Taugher | title=A pioneer remembers how she and friends saved the bay | date=2011-11-05 | publisher=Contra Costa Times | url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_19272911 |access-date=2012-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209195526/http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_19272911 |archive-date=2011-12-09 |url-status=live }} and the residents of Brisbane led to the defeat of Westbay's conveyor plan in June 1967 and eventual cessation of landfill operations at Sierra Point by December 1972. 

File:Guadalupe Canyon Parkway.jpg

In 1970, the Crocker Land Company and Foremost/McKesson partnered in development company Visitacion Associates, and 3,600 acres of the undeveloped mountain real-estate was transferred to the new entity.{{cite web | url=https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=San_Bruno_Mountain | title=San Bruno Mountain - FoundSF }} Visitacion announced development of 8,500 residential units and 2 million square feet of commercial and office-space, to begin construction in 1975. Active opposition to development on the mountain continued, organized as the Committee to Save San Bruno Mountain, and in 1972 San Mateo County voters approved Proposition A (a program for acquiring undeveloped land for county parks) by 147,805 to 74,167.Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 134, Approving amendments to the Charter of the County of San Mateo, State of California, ratified by the qualified electors of the county at a general election held therein on the seventh day of November 1972|https://www.google.com/books/edition/Assembly_Bill/e4lgBtaWMNQC Years of litigation over this plan was settled with Visitacion and Crocker donating 546 acres on the main ridge, and selling 1,100 more to the County in 1978. The State purchased 256 additional acres at the "Saddle" in 1980, and placed them under County management.{{cite web | url=https://www.mountainwatch.org/our-programs | title=Mountain History }} In 1989, the state Wildlife Conservation Board purchased another 83 acres and created a San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve.

But, in 1978, the Mission blue butterfly was declared an endangered species. Visitacion and Crocker Land hired Los Angeles legal firm Nossaman LLP, and in 1982 environmental attorney Robert D. Thornton pioneered the Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) concept. An HCP is "a planning document designed to accommodate economic development to the extent possible by authorizing the limited and unintentional take of listed species when it occurs incidental to otherwise lawful activities".What is a Habitat Conservation Plan?|US Fish & Wildlife Service|https://www.fws.gov/service/habitat-conservation-plans He proposed creating the first such plan for the area around San Bruno Mountain. In the case of endangered San Bruno Mountain flora and fauna, it allowed new mountain developments at Terrabay, the Northeast Ridge in Brisbane (built in the mid-1990s, its streets and civic features are named after endangered species they displaced), as well as at Village in the Park (built in 1985), Pointe Pacific (1986), and Bayshore Heights (1995) in Daly City. The accommodation offset for each development was to be the creation of equivalent new habitat nearby, which has not been substantially undertaken after forty years.{{cite web | url=https://baynature.org/article/butterflies-and-bulldozers-on-an-island-of-time/ | title=Butterflies and Bulldozers on an Island of Time - }}

File:Aerial view of coastline of The East Side of South San Francisco (9412498249).jpg

The Terra Bay project was approved in the mid-1980s for development at the south and southeast base of San Bruno Mountain.{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/South-S-F-to-Get-New-Homes-Terrabay-project-3018696.php |title=South S.F. to Get New Homes / Terrabay project resumes after lengthy delays |author=Wildermuth, John |date=18 November 1995 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=22 June 2016}} Terra Bay was constructed in three phases: the first phase constructed townhomes and detached houses; the second phase constructed more housing units, including one of the tallest buildings in South San Francisco,{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/193937/the-peninsula-mandalay-south-san-francisco-ca-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123194008/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/193937/the-peninsula-mandalay-south-san-francisco-ca-usa |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2020-11-23 |title=The Peninsula Mandalay |work=Emporis}} a condominium tower named the Peninsula Mandalay, and the third phase constructed an office building named Centennial Towers.{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/294637 |title=Centennial Towers South |work=Emporis}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The original developer, W.W. Dean & Associates, was unable to complete the project, and SunChase Holdings acquired the project in 1992, completing site preparation before selling the parcels for Phase I to Centex Homes.{{cite web |url=http://www.sunchaseholdings.com/pages/featured_investments/terra_bay.htm |title=Domestic Master Planned Communities: Terra Bay; South San Francisco, CA |author= |website=SunChase Holdings |access-date=22 June 2016}}

The Terra Bay site was known to include habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies; the original developer received a {{US$|15000|1983|round=-3}} fine in 1983 for bulldozing part of the habitat during site preparation.{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oy9SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FTYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2866%2C863355 |title=Habitat of rare butterflies bulldozed |author= |date=6 July 1983 |agency=AP |newspaper=The Day |access-date=22 June 2016}} Under the terms established by the 1982 amendment to the Endangered Species Act, the nation's first-ever Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) was agreed upon, allowing developers to destroy the habitat of endangered species if substitute lands were made available.{{cite web |url=http://www.mountainwatch.org/news-clippings/1997/4/25/butterflies-vs-builders-the-san-bruno-compromise.html |title=Butterflies vs. builders: The San Bruno compromise |author=Feuerstein, Adam |date=25 April 1997 |publisher=San Francisco Business Times |access-date=22 June 2016}} SunChase agreed to fund ecological restoration to mitigate the impact of Terra Bay during the development of Phase I under the terms of the San Bruno HCP.{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Accord-on-San-Bruno-Mountain-Long-stalled-2957056.php |title=Accord on San Bruno Mountain / Long-stalled housing venture can proceed |author=Pimentel, Benjamin |date=6 December 1996 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=22 June 2016}} SunChase entered a joint venture with Myers Development for the development of Phases II and III; although Phase III had {{convert|20|acres|ha}} of land available for construction, the completed Centennial Towers was scaled back to fit on just {{convert|8|acres|ha}},{{cite web |url=http://www.som.com/projects/centennial_tower |title=Centennial Tower |author= |date=2009 |website=Skidmore, Owings, Merrill |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124454/http://www.som.com/projects/centennial_tower |url-status=dead }} partly in order to establish a buffer zone between the development and an ancient shellmound.

File:Centennial Tower in South San Francisco- 20110204-0846 (6582703557).jpg

Although the shellmound had been noted as early as 1909,{{cite journal |author=Nelson, N.C. |date=1909 |title=Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region |journal=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology |volume=7 |number=4 |pages=309–356 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100170034 |access-date=21 June 2016}} a sample of {{convert|22|m3|cuft}} of the shellmound conducted in 1989 by Holman & Associates (commissioned by W.W. Dean) revealed the massive shellmound contained human remains, and further, that the shellmound site is eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.{{cite web |url=http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Shellmound_at_San_Bruno_Mountain |title=Shellmound at San Bruno Mountain |author1=Dury, John |author2=Townsend, Laird |date=2005 |website=FoundSF |access-date=22 June 2016 }} The Holman & Associates report was not made public for nearly ten years,{{cite web |url=http://www.mountainwatch.org/news-clippings/1998/4/1/the-large-ohlone-shell-mound-at-san-bruno-mountain.html |title=The Large Ohlone Shell Mound at San Bruno Mountain |publisher=Sierra Club San Francisco Bay Chapter GLS |author=Andres, Fred |date=1 April 1998 |access-date=22 June 2016}} with leaked copies circulating privately in 1997, and a public copy incorporated in the draft Environmental Impact Report in 1998. A lawsuit was settled out of court, resulting in the developer selling the land which included the shellmound and habitat for the Mission blue and Callippe silverspot butterflies to The Trust for Public Land,{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-BRUNO-Conservationists-buy-land-in-San-Bruno-2694984.php |title=SAN BRUNO / Conservationists buy land in San Bruno |author=Buchanan, Wyatt |date=10 September 2004 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=22 June 2016}} who would incorporate the parcel into San Bruno Mountain State Park. Ultimately, Terra Bay Phase III was scaled back significantly from the original mixed-use retail/office proposal.{{cite news |url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/sanmateocountytimes/localnews/ci_3603960 |title=Terrabay proposal comes to light |author=Brown, Todd R. |date=15 March 2006 |newspaper=San Mateo County Times |access-date=22 June 2016}}{{cite news |url=http://archives.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/terrabay-back-at-it-with-two-towers-in-phase-iii-project/Content?oid=2158766 |title=Terrabay back at it with two towers in Phase III project |author= |date=16 August 2006 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |access-date=22 June 2016}} The shorter 12-story south tower was completed in 2009,{{cite news |url=http://www.smdailyjournal.com/articles/lnews/2008-12-30/second-office-tower-on-hold/ |title=Second office tower on hold |author=Murtagh, Heather |date=30 December 2008 |newspaper=San Mateo Daily Journal |access-date=22 June 2016}}{{cite news |url=http://www.smdailyjournal.com/articles/lnews/2009-02-11/centennial-tower-open-for-tenants/ |title=Centennial Tower open for tenants |author=Murtagh, Heather |date=11 February 2009 |newspaper=San Mateo Daily Journal |access-date=22 June 2016}} and the taller 21-story north tower was completed in 2020{{cite web | url=http://www.p3re.com/genesis-ssf | title=Genesis }} after the project was acquired by a different developer.{{cite news |url=http://www.smdailyjournal.com/articles/lnews/2015-12-24/new-developer-acquires-centennial-towers-project-keystone-office-project-purchased-for-conversion-to-rd-space-in-south-san-francisco/ |title=New developer acquires Centennial Towers project: Keystone office project purchased for conversion to R&D space in South San Francisco |author=Walsh, Austin |date=24 December 2015 |newspaper=San Mateo Daily Journal |access-date=22 June 2016}} The finished two-tower property was acquired by Ventas in late 2020.{{cite web | url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/10/15/1-billion-landmark-bay-area-office-buy-sell-real-estate-tech/ | title=$1 billion: Landmark Bay Area office complex is bought | date=16 October 2020 }}

Undeveloped portions of the mountain that sit between the state park and the counties of San Mateo and San Francisco are still privately owned and at risk for development.{{cite news | url=https://supportparks.org/parks-map/san-bruno-mountain-park/ | title=San Bruno Mountain Park | newspaper=Support Parks in San Mateo County }} Examples of these locations include the prehistoric sand dunes above Hillside Park in Daly City, and the eucalyptus groves bordering the Crocker and Southern Hills neighborhoods of Daly City. These areas are of great ecological significance, hosting the same plant and animal communities as found in the state park. Presently, real-estate developer Orchard Partners, LLChttps://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.orchard_partners_llc.ac241d59ea931444002df1373e897565.html (of Lafayette, CA) has a purchase-contract and proposed a plan to construct a million-plus square foot warehouse facility in the quarry's footprint and surrounding privately-owned mountainside.https://www.brisbanequarry.com/ The proposal includes a 36-acre conservation easement and "will dedicate 46 acres with long-term maintenance to the San Bruno Mountain State and County Park".https://www.brisbaneca.org/cd/project/guadalupe-quarry-redevelopment-project

{{wide image|File:San Bruno Mountain.jpg|900px|San Bruno Mountain, from Skyline Boulevard in Daly City}}

The title "San Bruno Mountain Hermits" refers was given to individuals known to inhabit San Bruno Mountain at various times: first in the 1980s,{{Cite news |last=Schooley |first=David |date=30 May 1985 |title=We All Request That Dwight Taylor Be Let Be |newspaper=Flickr |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbmw/45740295881/in/album-72157672786858908/lightbox/}} and then in the 2000s.{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Patricia |date=September 8, 2002 |title=Treehouse Residents Receive an Eviction Notice |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/us/treehouse-residents-receive-an-eviction-notice.html |access-date=2023-12-01}} Over the years, people sought refuge on the mountain from modern society and the homeless support system; {{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Patricia |date=September 8, 2002 |title=Treehouse Residents Receive an Eviction Notice |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/us/treehouse-residents-receive-an-eviction-notice.html |access-date=2023-12-01}} some claimed to have cleared invasive or aggressive florae, performed fire prevention services, and engaged with local visitors who passed by their huts.{{Citation |last=Archives |first=San Bruno Mountain Watch |title=Guardians of the Mountain |date=2018-11-05 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbmw/45015374534/ |access-date=2023-12-02}}

In several cases, the San Mateo Sheriff or Parks Department have issued eviction notices, citing environmental degradation and illegal residency.{{Cite news |date=November 5, 2018 |title=We Must Have Them Leave |language=en-us |work=San Bruno Mountain Watch |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbmw/45740303301/in/album-72157672786858908/lightbox/ |access-date=2023-12-01}} In each case, after a series of notices from park rangers and local authorities, these residents were forced to leave. San Bruno Mountain Watch has questioned governments' approaches to land management and the surrounding communities, and has promulgated the stories of these "hermits" in this context.{{Cite news |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Flash! |language=en-us |work=San Bruno Mountain Watch |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbmw/42502279880/in/album-72157672786858908/lightbox/ |access-date=2023-12-01}}

Other inhabitants have perished in mountain encampments.{{cite web | url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/12/14/body-found-in-san-bruno-mountain-homeless-encampment/ | title=Body found in San Bruno Mountain homeless encampment | date=14 December 2006 }} The mountain has been the site of at least one murder.{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cold-case-san-bruno-mateo-20140613-story.html | title=Bay Area man arrested in 1989 cold-case killing on San Bruno Mountain | website=Los Angeles Times | date=13 June 2014 }} Human remains were found in the park area in 2012,{{cite web | url=https://everythingsouthcity.com/2013/08/do-you-recognize-this-woman-found-dead-on-san-bruno-mountain/ | title=Do you recognize this woman found dead on San Bruno Mountain? | date=24 August 2013 }} and later in 2020,{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/human-remains-discovered-near-san-bruno-mountain/ | title=Human Remains Discovered Near San Bruno Mountain - CBS San Francisco | website=CBS News | date=21 October 2020 }} - these have not yet been identified.

{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}

• San Bruno Mountain State Park
• San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve
• List of California state parks
• List of summits of the San Francisco Bay Area
• Rancho Cañada de Guadalupe la Visitación y Rodeo Viejo
• Colma Creek
• Guadalupe Valley Creek
• Santa Cruz Mountains
• San Andreas Fault
• Franciscan Complex
• San Francisco garter snake
• Mission blue butterfly
• Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation
• San Bruno elfin butterfly
• Callippe silverspot butterfly
• United Airlines Flight 863

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

{{Refend}}

• [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=518 State Park page]
• [https://www.smcgov.org/parks/san-bruno-mountain-state-county-park County Park page]
• [https://wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/San-Bruno-Mountain-ER Ecological Reserve (CA Fish & Wildlife)]
• [https://www.mountainwatch.org/ San Bruno Mountain Watch (private organization)]
• [https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=3eca6851bf5d39944a187ac36c14ec33 USGS Topographic Map]

{{Commons category|San Bruno Mountain}}

• {{cite gnis |id=232381 |name=San Bruno Mountain |access-date=2009-08-24}}
• [http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/smc/department/home/0,,5556687_12313315_12345092,00.html Environmental Services Agency of San Mateo County], information on history, trails, park map, activities, park hours.
• [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=518 San Bruno Mountain State Park]
• [http://www.mountainwatch.org San Bruno Mountain Watch], whose mission is to preserve San Bruno Mountain's Native American village sites and endangered habitats.
• [https://www.trailspotting.com/2021/07/san-bruno-mountain-summit-loop.html Trailspotting: Hiking San Bruno Mountain] Description, Photos and GPS/mapping data
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2hVSiRRGLM&t=11s Video: "The Battle for San Bruno Mountain"]
• Climate Survey of San Bruno Mountain, prepared for Crocker Land Company by Metronics Associates, Palo Alto, Ca., October 20, 1967
• Elizabeth McClintock and Walter Knight, A Flora of the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, California, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, Volume XXXII, no. 20, pp. 587–677, November 29, 1968
• J.D. Whitney, Geological Survey of California (1865)
• John Hunter Thomas, A Flora of the Santa Cruz Mountains (1960)
• USGS TopoView site <[https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer/#11/37.6634/-122.4155 Get Maps]>.

Category:Santa Cruz Mountains

Category:Mountains of San Francisco

Category:Mountains of San Mateo County, California

Category:Mountains of the San Francisco Bay Area

Category:Mountains of Northern California