Sang de boeuf glaze
{{short description|Deep red ceramic glaze}}
File:Bowl MET SLP1680-1 (cropped).jpg bowl with sang de boeuf glaze]]
Sang de boeuf glaze, or sang-de-boeuf, is a deep red colour of ceramic glaze, first appearing in Chinese porcelain at the start of the 18th century. The name is French, meaning "ox blood" (or cow blood), and the glaze and the colour sang de boeuf are also called ox-blood or oxblood in English, in this and other contexts.
Sang de boeuf was one of a number of new "flambé" glazes, marked by "unpredictable but highly decorative and varying effects",Wood, 58 developed in the Jingdezhen porcelain kilns during the Kangxi reign (1662–1722).Sullivan, 226; Valenstein, 238–242; Pollock According to one scholar: "In its finer examples, this spectacular glaze gives the impression that one is gazing through a limpid surface layer, which is slightly crazed and strewn with countless bubbles, to the color that lies underneath".Valenstein, 238
As with most Chinese red glazes, the main colouring agent is copper oxide, fired in a reducing atmosphere (without oxygen); finishing them in an oxidizing atmosphere may have been part of the process. From the late 19th century onwards, usually after lengthy experiment, many Western potters produced versions of the Chinese glaze, which is technically very difficult to achieve and control.Ellison, 108–109; Burke and Frelinghuysen, 213–216; Battie, 161–162
File:Small vase MET SLP1692-1 (cropped).jpg
For Chinese ceramics, some museums and books prefer the term "sang de boeuf", some "oxblood", in both cases with varying use of hyphens, and capitals and italics for "sang de boeuf".Recent books published by the Metropolitan Museum of Art use: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Frs7PWWV7xsC&pg=PA342 "Sang de Boeuf"], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5VUheKAVZ3QC&pg=PA148 "sang de boeuf"], [https://books.google.com/books?id=56F8Qv96FzwC&pg=PA216 "sang-de-boeuf"]. Typically, outside the larger museums, "ox(-)blood" is preferred in America, and sang de boeuf in Great Britain. The most common Chinese name for the glaze is lángyáohóng (郎窑红, "Lang kiln red").Nilsson; Valenstein, 238 Another Chinese name for this type of glaze is niúxiěhóng (牛血红, "ox-blood red/sang de boeuf").Bruccoleri, para. 10
Chinese sang de boeuf
=Origin as imitation of Ming wares=
File:Dish with copper-red glaze, China, Jingdezhen, Ming dynasty, Xuande mark and period, 1426-1435 AD, porcelain, copper-red glaze - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC04998.jpg (1426–1435); the colour the Kangxi potters were trying to achieve]]
Sang de boeuf glaze was apparently developed around 1705–1712 in an attempt to recover the lost "sacrificial red" glaze of the Xuande reign (1426–35) of the Ming dynasty.Nilsson; Valenstein, 238–239; Pollock This was a very famous glaze used for ceremonial (ritual) wares made at Jingdezhen, of which very few examples survive from his short reign.
As recorded in the Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty, from 1369, the second year of Hongwu Emperor's reign at the beginning of the Ming dynasty, monochrome porcelains replaced other materials for the ritual vessels used in the official rituals of sacrifices the emperor was required by tradition to perform, hence the name "sacrificial red". Chinese names for it are xiānhóng (鲜红, "fresh red") and bǎoshíhóng (宝石红, "ruby red").Dà Míng Huì Diǎn 大明会典 (Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty), vol. 201. [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=250755&remap=gb line 310] The statute also states that each colour was associated with a specific direction and ritual: "To each direction is associated a porcelain: red for the altar of the Sun, blue for that of Heaven, yellow for the Earth and white for the Moon".Dà Míng Huì Diǎn (Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty), vol. 201. Source: [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=250755&remap=gb, line 321–322]. Trad. by Bruccoleri (2019).
The sacrificial red developed under Xuande ceased to be produced after the emperor's death, and has never been perfectly imitated, despite many later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters.Vainker, 187–188; Christie's (see "Lot Essay"), [https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/an-extremely-rare-early-ming-copper-red-glazed-5379753-details.aspx Lot 3108, "An extremely rare early Ming copper-red glazed shallow dish"], Sale 2832, "Important Chinese Ceramics and Works of Art", Hong Kong, 1 December 2010
=Qing sang de boeuf=
Monochrome glazes like sang de boeuf enjoyed a revival in the Qing dynasty, for whom they evoked what were regarded as the high points of historical Chinese ceramics under the early Ming and the Song dynasty (960–1279). They were produced for the imperial court at Jingdezhen alongside completely different styles painted with elaborate designs using newly expanded palette of colours in overglaze enamels, known as famille rose, famille verte and so on, based on the dominant colour. Initially, much of this production was for sale, often as Chinese export porcelain, where the court preferred simpler decoration.Valenstein, 220–247; Sullivan, 224–228
Where the Xuande sacrificial red pieces have a very subtle mottled coverage, sang de boeuf was produced with a variety of shades of colour and as well as mottling, streaked effects in the glaze, which often fades to white at the top of pieces, and conversely thickens around the shoulders of vases and at the foot, which is often not fully covered by the glaze. There is often crackle,Savage and Newman, 254; Nilsson; Valenstein, 238–239; Battie, 56 and a greenish tinge at the edges of the glazed area, where the glaze is thin. All of these were considered desirable effects. Generally the glaze is only applied to the outside of closed shapes, the inside and rim left with a clear glaze. The red glaze was probably applied by spraying.Sullivan, 226 Other colours that may appear are turquoise, lavender, and purple.
The great number of very sensitive variables meant that the glaze colour and effects were initially not reliably controlled by the makers, leaving an element of randomness that appealed to Chinese aesthetics. By the late 18th century more control was possible.Savage and Newman, 254; Ellison, 109; Valenstein, 238–239
File:Water Pot (Shuicheng) with Dragon Medallions LACMA 58.51.1.jpg|The related copper oxide peach-bloom glaze on a Kangxi water pot, also with incised decoration.
File:MET 50 221 32 O1 sf (cropped).jpg|Kangxi bowl, before 1722
File:Ox-blood red vase - Cleveland Museum of Art (28200385710) (cropped).jpg|Kangxi vase, before 1722
File:Vase, China, Qing Dynasty, Kangxi period, 1662-1722, porcelain with oxblood (langyao) glaze - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01653.JPG|Kangxi vase, before 1722
File:Jar (China), 18th century (CH 18457369-2) (cropped).jpg|18th-century jar
Western versions
File:Gloucester Road stn former Piccadilly building look north.JPG, Piccadilly line, with the sang de boeuf tiles used on many London Underground station buildings]]
In the 19th century various Western potters, especially in the emerging art pottery movement, tried to copy the Chinese glaze, which had acquired a great reputation, but found replicating it very difficult, whether in porcelain or stoneware. In France Sèvres porcelain began experimenting in 1882. Ernest Chaplet succeeded in making it in 1885, with financial backing from Haviland & Co., and Pierre-Adrien Dalpayrat also succeeded in making a version.Ellison, 108 Chaplet won a gold medal at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris for his glaze.[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/239357 Metropolitan Museum], "Square vase, ca. 1889, Ernest Chaplet, French
The American Hugh C. Robertson, of the Chelsea Keramic Art Works in Chelsea, Massachusetts, became interested in Oriental glazes on seeing them at the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876 and a "preoccupation with glazes was to obsess Robertson for the rest of his career".Burke and Frelinghuysen, 213 He finally developed a version of sang de boeuf in 1888, which he nicknamed Sang de Chelsea,{{Cite journal|title=American Ceramics, 1876–1956: The Robert A. Ellison Jr. Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art|journal=Antiques & Fine Art|year=2009|first=Alice Cooney |last=Frelinghuysen|author2=Adrienne Spinozzi|pages=146–150|url=http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/article.cfm?request=953|access-date=2019-08-14 }}; Ellison, 108–112 but the following year, "nearly penniless from his costly experiments with the sang-de-boeuf glaze", he closed the pottery.Burke and Frelinghuysen, 216
In England the Ruskin Pottery in Smethwick achieved a glaze around 1900; all their formulas were deliberately destroyed when the pottery closed in 1935.Petrie and Livingstone, 99 Another English art pottery which produced sang de boeuf was that of Bernard Moore. His pottery in Stoke-on-Trent specialised in flambé glazes from 1905 till the closure of the business in 1915.[http://www.thepotteries.org/allpotters/749a.htm Bernard Moore]
From 1903, the English architect Leslie Green used an industrial, solid, sang de boeuf glaze on the glazed architectural terra-cotta tiles and decorative elements for the exteriors of the stations of a large part of the London Underground system, which was then divided between a number of commercial companies. His employer, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London was building the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway and the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, which are now respectively sections of the Piccadilly line, Bakerloo line and Northern line. The Leeds Fireclay Company made the tiles.{{cite web|url=http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.113|title=Green, Leslie|work=Exploring 20th Century London|publisher=Renaissance/Museums, Libraries and Archives Council|access-date=14 August 2010}}
File:Square vase MET DP315669 (cropped).jpg|Square vase by Ernest Chaplet, French, c. 1889; the Chinese thinning is taken to an extreme.
File:Vase LACMA M.91.375.25 (2 of 2).jpg|Vase by Hugh C. Robertson, Chelsea Keramic Art Works, 1888–89
File:Vase (USA), 1899 (CH 18802889-2) (cropped).jpg|Rookwood Pottery Company, US, 1899
File:Ruskin pottery 1925.jpg|Ruskin Pottery, English, 1925
File:Franciscan oxblood 02.jpg|Franciscan Ceramics, US, after 1934
The American ceramist Fance Franck (1931–2008) extensively researched copper red glazes in her workshop in Paris leading to the rediscovery of the Ming technique. She was supported by the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art.Zhang Fukang, Zhang Pusheng, Fance Franck, "Scientific Study of Sacrificial Red Glazes", in Scott p. 36; Fance Franck, "Study of Fresh Red Porcelain Glaze : A Potter's View", in Scott p. 76.{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillips.com/detail/fance-franck/UK050117/9|title=Fance Franck – Flacon, 1978|website=Phillips|language=en|access-date=2019-08-20}}Franck, pp. 3–38
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- Battie, David, ed., Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain, 1990, Conran Octopus, {{ISBN|1850292515}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Bruccoleri|first=Valentina|date=2019|title=Copie ou éloge ? Les porcelaines monochromes en rouge de cuivre d'époque Kangxi (1661–1722) imitant les porcelaines du règne de Xuande (1425–1435)|trans-title=Copy or praise? Copper-red monochrome porcelains of the Kangxi era (1661–1722) imitating the porcelains of the Xuande reign (1425–1435)|url=http://journals.openedition.org/framespa/6308|journal=Les Cahiers de Framespa. Nouveaux champs de l'histoire sociale|language=fr|issue=31|doi=10.4000/framespa.6308|issn=1760-4761|doi-access=free}}
- Burke, Doreen Bolger; Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney, In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement, 1986, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|0870994689}}, 9780870994685, [https://books.google.com/books?id=56F8Qv96FzwC&pg=PA216 google books]
- "Ellison": Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney; Eidelberg, Martin; Spinozzi, Adrienne, American Ceramics, 1876–1956: The Robert A. Ellison Jr. Collection, 2018, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|1588395960}}, 9781588395962, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gQduDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 google books]
- Franck, Fance, L'Œuvre au rouge. Étude de la porcelaine xianhong, 1993, The Baur Collections, vol. 55 pp. 3–38
- Nilsson, Jan-Erik, [http://gotheborg.com/glossary/langyaohong.shtml gothenborg.com "Langyao hong (Lang kiln red) also "oxblood" or sang de boef (fr.)"]
- Petrie, Kevin; Livingstone, Andrew, eds., The Ceramics Reader, 2017, Bloomsbury Publishing, {{ISBN|1472584430}}, 9781472584434, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gkk0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 google books]
- Pollock, Rebekah, [https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/09/23/elusive-oxblood/ "Elusive Oxblood"], Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, 2014
- Savage, George, and Newman, Harold, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ceramics, 1985, Thames & Hudson, {{ISBN|0500273804}}
- {{cite book|title=Chinese copper red wares|publisher=Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art|year=1992|isbn=9780728601871|editor-last=Scott|editor-first=Rosemary|location=London}}
- Sullivan, Michael, The Arts of China, 1973, Sphere Books, {{ISBN|0351183345}} (revised edn of A Short History of Chinese Art, 1967)
- Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|9780714114705}}
- Valenstein, S. (1998). [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/38422/rec/3 A handbook of Chinese ceramics] (fully available online), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. {{ISBN|9780870995149}}
- Wood, Frank L., The World of British Stoneware: Its History, Manufacture and Wares, 2014, Troubador Publishing Ltd, {{ISBN|178306367X}}, 9781783063673
External links
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