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Santacrucian

{{Short description|South American land mammal age (SALMA)}}

The Santacrucian age is a period of geologic time (17.5 – 16.3 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically with SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Colhuehuapian and precedes the Friasian age.[https://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=729 Paleo Database: Santacrucian]

Etymology

The age is named after the Santa Cruz Formation in the Austral/Magallanes Basin of southern Patagonia, Argentina and Chile.

Formations

{{Location map+ | South America

| relief = 1

| width = 300

| caption = Locations of Santacrucian formations

| places =

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -35.0

| lon_deg = -68.5

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Aisol Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 11.9

| lon_deg = -69.8

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Cantaure Formation, Venezuela

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 10.563889

| lon_deg = -69.728333

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Castillo Formation, Venezuela

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -39.8

| lon_deg = -70.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Cerro Boleadoras Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 9.4

| lon_deg = -65.4

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Chaguaramas Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -14.1

| lon_deg = -75.7

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Chilcatay Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -18.7

| lon_deg = -69.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Chucal Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -37.7

| lon_deg = -71.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Cura-Mallín Group

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -40.4

| lon_deg = -65.3

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Gran Bajo de Gualicho Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 11.966667

| lon_deg = -71.378611

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Jimol Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -33.0

| lon_deg = -69.2

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Mariño Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -47.0

| lon_deg = -70.6

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Pinturas Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = 9.0

| lon_deg = -69.7

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 10

| link = Río Yuca Formation

}}

{{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -50.0

| lon_deg = -70.0

| mark = Yellow pog.svg

| marksize = 14

| link = Santa Cruz Formation

}}

}}

class="wikitable sortable"

! Formation
{{small|bold is type}}

! Country

! Basin

! class=unsortable | Notes

Santa Cruz Formation{{ARG}}
{{CHL}}		Austral Basin{{center|Vizcaíno et al., 2012Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52}}
Aisol Formation{{ARG}}San Rafael Block{{center|Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149}}
Cantaure Formation{{VEN}}Falcón Basin{{center|Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20}}
Castillo Formation{{VEN}}Falcón Basin{{center|Johnson, 2009, p.60}}
Cerro Boleadoras Formation{{ARG}}Austral Basin{{center|Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140}}
Chaguaramas Formation{{VEN}}Eastern Venezuela Basin{{center|Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145}}
Chilcatay Formation{{PER}}Pisco Basin{{center|De la Cruz, 2008, p.53Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13}}
Chucal Formation - Chucal fauna{{CHL}}Altiplano Basin{{center|Croft et al., 2007, p.781}}
Cura-Mallín Group{{CHL}}Cura-Mallín Basin{{center|Utgé et al., 2009}}
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation{{ARG}}Colorado Basin{{center|Reichler, 2010, p.181}}
Jimol Formation{{COL}}Cocinetas Basin{{center|Moreno et al., 2015, p.7}}
Mariño Formation{{ARG}}Cuyo Basin{{center|Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.201}}
Pinturas Formation{{ARG}}Austral Basin{{center|Kramarz, 2001, p.10Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52}}
Río Yuca Formation{{VEN}}Barinas-Apure Basin{{center|Rincón et al., 2016, p.19}}

{{clear}}

Fossils

class="wikitable sortable"

! Group

! Fossils

! Formation

! class=unsortable | Notes

rowspan=8 | MammalsAbderites meridionalis, Acarechimys pascuali, Acaremys major, A. messor, A. murinus, A. tricarinatus, Acdestis lemairei, A. oweni, Acrocyon sectorius, Acyon bardus, A. tricuspidatus, Adianthus bucatus, Adiastaltus habilis, A. procerus, Adinotherium ferum, A. ovinum, A. robustum, Ameghinomys constans, A. rarus, Anatherium defossus, Anathitus revelator, Arctodictis munizi, Argyromanis patagonicus, cf. Asterostemma depressa, Astrapotherium magnum, Borhyaena tuberata, Cladosictis patagonica, Cochlops muricatus, Diadiaphorus majusculus, D. robustus, Dicardia fissa, Encinepeltus petesatus, Eocardia montana, Eucholoeops fronto, E. ingens, Euphractus patagonicus, Eutatus carinatus, E. deleo, E. lagena, Hapalops angustipalatus, H. elongatus, H. indifferens, H. longiceps, H. platycephalus, H. ponderosus, Hegetotherium mirabile, Homalodotherium cunninghami, Homunculus patagonicus, Interatherium excavatum, I. extensum, I. robustum, Licaphrium floweri, Lycopsis torresi, Metopotoxus laevatus, Microbiotherium acicula, M. gallegosense, M. patagonicum, M. tehuelchum, Necrolestes patagonensis, Neoreomys australis, Nesodon imbricatus, N. marmoratus, Orthoarthrus mixtus, Pachyrukhos moyani, Palaeothentes aratae, P. intermedius, P. minutus, P. lemoinei, P. pascuali, Paraeutatus distans, Pelecyodon cristatus, Peltephilus ferox, P. giganteus, P. nanus, P. pumilus, P. strepens, Perathereutes pungens, Phanomys mixtus, P. vetulus, Phonocdromus gracilis, Plagiocoelus obliquus, Planops magnus, Prepotherium filholi, P. potens, Proeutatus oenophorum, P. robustus, Propalaehoplophorus australis, P. incisivus, P. minus, Protamandua rothi, Prothylacinus patagonicus, Protypotherium attenuatum, P. australe, P. praerutilum, Prozaedyus exilis, Prozaedius proximus, Pseudoacaremys kramarzi, Pseudonotictis pusillus, Schismotherium rectangularis, Sipalocyon gracilis, S. obusta, Spaniomys modestus, Stegotherium tauberi, S. tesselatum, Steiromys detentus, S. duplicatus, Stenotatus hesternus, Stilotherium dissimile, Tetramerorhinus cingulatum, T. fortis, T. lucarius, T. mixtum, Theosodon garrettorum, T. gracilis, T. lydekkeri, Thoatherium minusculum, Vetelia puncta, Hyperleptus sp., Nematherium sp., Neuryurini sp., Perimys sp., Sciamys sp., Myrmecophagidae indet.Santa Cruz{{center|Verzi et al., 2017, p.2Arnal & Vucetich, 2015, p.13
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=87314 Killik Aike Norte] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176563 Monte León] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176565 La Cueva] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=27313 Santa Cruz Formation] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176570 Cerro Observatorio] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=142533 Corriguen Aike] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=142529 Campo Barranca] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176575 Santa Cruz] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176576 Coy Inlet] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176567 Yack Harvey] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=123879 Estancia La Peninsular] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176577 Punta Sur] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176581 Estancia La Costa] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176583 7 or 8 miles south of Coy Inlet] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176585 10 miles south of Coy Inlet] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176589 Estancia Halliday] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176590 Río Gallegos] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176591 Güer Aike] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176593 Barrancas del Río Santa Cruz] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176594 Shehuén] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176598 Lago Pueyrredón and Lago Posadas] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176643 Puesto Estancia La Costa Fossiliferous Level 7.2] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176602 Puesto Estancia La Costa Fossiliferous Level 5.3] at Fossilworks.org}}
cf. Astrapotherium sp., cf. Theosodon sp., Lomaphorini indet., Mylodontinae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.Aisol{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=145811 Cerro Aisol] at Fossilworks.org}}
Baraguatherium takumaraCastillo{{center|Rincón et al., 2017}}
Xenastrapotherium christi, Boreostemma sp.Chaguaramas{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=146538 Quebrada Honda - Zaraza] at Fossilworks.org}}
Altitypotherium chucalensis, A. paucidens, Eotypotherium chico, Hegetotherium cf. mirabile, Nesodon imbricatus, Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, Acarechimys sp., Adinotherium sp., Neoreomys sp., cf. Peltephilus sp., Stenotatus sp., Theosodon sp., Octodontoidea indet., Toxodontidae indet.Chucal{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=103804 Chucal] at Fossilworks.org}}
Paedotherium minor, Acarechimys sp., aff. Alloiomys sp., ?Hegetotherium sp., aff. Incamys sp., Luantus sp., Maruchito sp., Prostichomys sp., Protacaremys sp., cf. Protypotherium sp., Sipalocyon sp., Abderitidae indet., Astrapotheria indet., Astrapotheriidae indet., Caviomorpha indet., Dasypodidae indet., Eocardiidae indet., Hegetotheriinae indet., Interatheriinae indet., Pachyrukhinae indet., Toxodontidae indet., Typotheria indet.Cura-Mallín{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=140107 Trapa Trapa East mid-upper beds] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=140105 Estero Trapa Trapa West] at Fossilworks.org}}
Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi, Rusconitherium mendocense,Thoatheriopsis mendocensis, Scleromys sp.Mariñoalign=center | Cerdeño et al., 2018Cerdeño & Vucetich, 2007
Cerdeño et al., 2008Villafañe et al., 2012
Acarechimys minutissimus, Acaremys murinus, Acdestis oweni, Adelphomys candidus, Branisamyopsis praesigmoides, Carlocebus carmenensis, C. intermedius, ?Diadiaphorus caniadensis, Eosteiromys annectens, E. cf. homogenidens, Galileomys eurygnathus, Luantus toldensis, L. propheticus, Microbiotherium cf. gallegosense, M. tehuelchum, Neoreomys australis, N. pinturensis, Oligobiotherium divisum, Pachybiotherium illuminatum, Perimys erutus, P. intermedius, Phanomys mixtus, Picturotherium migueli, Prostichomys bowni, Prothoatherium lacerum, Scleromys osbornianus, S. quadrangulatus, Soriacebus adrianae, S. ameghinorum, Spaniomys modestus, Steiromys principalis, S. duplicatus, Tetramerorhinus ?cingulatum, T. fleaglei, T. prosistens, Prolagostomus sp., Stichomys sp., Theosodon sp.Pinturas{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59133 Estancia Ana María] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59319 Portezuelo Sumich Norte] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59320 Portezuelo Sumich Sur] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59324 Los Toldos Sur] at Fossilworks.org
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59333 Gobernador Gregores] at Fossilworks.org[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=59332 La Cañada] at Fossilworks.org}}
rowspan=2 | BirdsAnisolornis excavatus, Badiostes patagonicus, Brontornis burmeisteri, Cariama santacrucensis, Eoneornis australis, Eutelornis patagonicus, Liptornis hesternus, Opisthodactylus patagonicus, Paraptenodytes antarcticus, Patagornis marshi, Phorusrhacos longissimus, Protibis cnemialis, Psilopterus bachmanni, P. lemoinei, Thegornis debilisSanta Cruz{{center|
}}
Psilopteridae indet.Aisol{{center|}}
rowspan=5 | Reptiles &
amphibians		Diasemosaurus occidentalis, Dibolosodon typicus, Erichosaurus bombimaxila, E. debilis, E. diminutus, Calyptocephalella sp., Colubridae indet.Santa Cruz{{center|
[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=176599 Estancia La Costa Fossiliferous Level 3] at Fossilworks.org}}
Crocodylia indet.Aisol{{center|}}
Anura indet.Chucal{{center|}}
Crocodylidae indet., Gavialidae indet.Jimol{{center|Moreno et al., 2015, p.35}}
Colubridae indet.Pinturas{{center|[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=27312 Río Pinturas Formation] at Fossilworks.org}}
FishesCarcharhinidae indet., Dalatiidae indet., Hemigaleidae indet., Lamnidae indet., Myliobatidae indet.Jimol{{center|}}
FloraAraucaria marensii, Doroteoxylon vicentiperezii, Eucryphiaceoxylon eucryphioides, Myrceugenia chubutense, Nothofagoxylon triseriatum, Ulminium atlanticumSanta Cruz{{center|}}

References

{{reflist|3}}

= Bibliography =

;Santa Cruz Formation

  • {{citation |last=Agnolin |first=Federico L |year=2009 |title=Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) |url=http://www.fundacionazara.org.ar/img/libros/sistematica-y-filogenia-de-aves-fororracoideas.pdf |publisher=Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara |pages=1–79 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Arnal |first1=M. |last2=Vucetich |first2=M.G. |year=2015 |title=Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271751624 |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=42–59 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
  • {{citation |last1=Bostelmann |first1=J. Enrique |last2=Le Roux |first2=Jacobus P. |last3=Vásquez |first3=Ana |last4=Gutiérrez |first4=Néstor M. |last5=Oyarzún |first5=José Luis |last6=Carreño |first6=Catalina |last7=Torres |first7=Teresa |last8=Otero |first8=Rodrigo |last9=Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Francisco Hervé |first9=Andrea |year=2013 |title=Burdigalian deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation in the Sierra Baguales, Austral (Magallanes) Basin: Age, depositional environment and vertebrate fossils |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v40n3/art04.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=40 |pages=458–489 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Brea |first1=Mariana |last2=Zucol |first2=Alejandro F. |last3=Bargo |first3=M. Susana |last4=Fernicola |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Vizcaíno |first5=Sergio F. |year=2017 |title=First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322679536 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=334–347 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/bow014 |accessdate=2019-02-28|hdl=11336/65078 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last=Buffetaut |first=Éric |year=2016 |title=A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311547569 |journal=Palæovertebrata |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=e3 |doi=10.18563/pv.40.2.e3 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Cenizo |first1=Marcos Martín |last2=Agnolín |first2=Federico Lisandro |year=2010 |title=The southernmost records of Anhingidae and a new basal species of Anatidae (Aves) from the lower–middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232909083 |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=493–514 |doi=10.1080/03115511003793504 |bibcode=2010Alch...34..493C |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last=Chandler |first=Robert M |year=2012 |title=A new species of tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina |url=http://www.palarch.nl/wp-content/Chandler_2012_A_New_Species_of_Tinamou_from_the_Early_Middle_Miocene_of_Argentina_TERQUA_Proceedings_2011_PJVP_9_2.pdf |journal=PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Ercoli |first1=Marcos D. |last2=Prevosti |first2=Francisco J. |year=2011 |title=Estimación de masa de las especies de Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) de edad Santacrucense (Mioceno Temprano) a partir del tamaño del centroide de los elementos apendiculares: inferencias paleoecológicas |url=http://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/viewArticle/347 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=462–479 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.v48i4(347) |accessdate=2019-02-28|url-access=subscription }}
  • {{citation |last1=González |first1=Laureano Raúl |last2=Scillato Yané |first2=Gustavo Juan |year=2008 |title=Una nueva especie de Stegotherium Ameghino (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Stegotheriini) del Mioceno de la provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina) |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142008000400001&lng=es |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=45 |pages=641–648 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Mayr |first1=Gerald |last2=Noriega |first2=Jorge I. |year=2015 |title=A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app60/app000112013.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=60 |pages=589–598 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Muñoz |first1=Nahuel A. |last2=Toledo |first2=Néstor |last3=Candela |first3=Adriana M. |last4=Vizcaíno |first4=Sergio F. |year=2019 |title=Functional morphology of the forelimb of Early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Patagonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327934333 |journal=Lethaia |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.1111/let.12292 |bibcode=2019Letha..52...91M |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
  • {{citation |last1=Noriega |first1=Jorge I. |last2=Mayr |first2=Gerald |year=2017 |title=The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina |journal=Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |volume=7 |pages=133–139}}
  • {{citation |last1=Noriega |first1=Jorge I. |last2=Vizcaíno |first2=Sergio F. |last3=Bargo |first3=Susana |year=2009 |title=First Record and a New Species of Seriema (Aves: Ralliformes: Cariamidae) from Santacrucian (Early-Middle Miocene) Beds of Patagonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240535635 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=620–626 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0216 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..620N |hdl=11336/80002 |accessdate=2019-02-28|hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Sinclair |first1=W. |last2=Farr |first2=M. |year=1932 |title=Aves of the Santa Cruz beds |journal=Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899) |volume=7 |issue= |pages=157–191}}
  • {{citation |last1=Verzi |first1=Diego H. |last2=Olivares |first2=A. Itatí |last3=Morgan |first3=Cecilia C. |year=2017 |title=Systematics and evolutionary significance of the small Abrocomidae from the early Miocene of southern South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299999551 |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=411–422 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2016.1168410 |bibcode=2017HBio...29..411V |accessdate=2019-02-12|hdl=11336/56470 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Vizcaíno |first1=Sergio F. |last2=Kay |first2=Richard F. |last3=Bargo |first3=Susana |year=2012 |title=Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ce0uINITb4C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521194617 |pages=1–370 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}

;Aisol Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Forasiepi |first1=Analía M. |author2-link=Esperanza Cerdeño |last2=Cerdeño |first2=Esperanza |last3=Bond |first3=Mariano |last4=Schmidt |first4=Gabriela I. |last5=Naipauer |first5=Maximiliano |last6=Straehl |first6=Fiona R. |last7=Martinelli |first7=Agustín G. |last8=Garrido |first8=Alberto C. |last9=Schmitz and James L. Crowley |first9=Mark D. |year=2015 |title=New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263273516 |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=611–634 |doi=10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5 |bibcode=2015PalZ...89..611F |accessdate=2019-02-13|hdl=11336/20443 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Forasiepi |first1=Analía M. |last2=Martinelli |first2=Agustín G. |last3=De la Fuente |first3=Marcelo S. |last4=Dieguez |first4=Sergio |last5=Bond |first5=Mariano |year=2011 |title=Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/sipcyt/bfa002518.pdf |publisher=Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta |pages=135–154 |accessdate=2017-10-01}}

;Cantaure Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Mendi |first1=David |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Eliana |year=2005 |title=Integración geológica de la Península de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón (MSc thesis) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49183444 |publisher=Universidad Central de Venezuela |pages=1–184 |accessdate=2017-10-26}}

;Castillo Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Johnson |first1=Kenneth G. |last2=Sánchez Villagra |first2=Marcelo R. |last3=Aguilera |first3=Órangel A. |year=2009 |title=The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela) |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.9079&rep=rep1&type=pdf

|journal=PALAIOS |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=59–69 |doi=10.2110/palo.2008.p08-004r |bibcode=2009Palai..24...59J |citeseerx=10.1.1.617.9079 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

  • {{citation |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=McDonald |first3=H. Gregory |last4=Núñez Flores |first4=Mónica |year=2017 |title=Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300000528 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=179–191 |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
  • {{citation |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=Benammi |first3=Mouloud |last4=Vignaud |first4=Patrick |last5=McDonald |first5=H. Gregory |year=2014 |title=Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v41n3/art02.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=41 |pages=507–528 |accessdate=2018-09-07}}
  • {{citation |last1=Solórzano |first1=Andrés |last2=Rincón |first2=Ascanio D. |last3=Cidade |first3=Giovanne M. |last4=Núñez Flores |first4=Mónica |last5=Sánchez |first5=Leonardo |year=2018 |title=Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela |url=http://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/Solorzano_et_al.%2C_2018._Crocodilos_de_castillo.pdf |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume= 99|issue=2 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12549-018-0332-5 |bibcode=2019PdPe...99..241S |accessdate=2018-09-07}}
  • {{citation |last1=Urbani |first1=Franco |last2=Mendi |first2=David |year=2010 |title=Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289375537 |journal=Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales |volume=LXX |pages=9–25 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Cerro Boleadores Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Dal Molín |first1=C.N. |last2=Colombo |first2=F. |year=2003 |title=Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina |url=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/9086/Sedimentacion.pdf?sequence=2 |journal=Geogaceta |volume=34 |pages=139–142 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}

;Chaguaramas Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Horovitz |first1=Inés |last2=Sánchez Villagra |first2=Marcelo R. |year=2012 |title=El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico |url=https://www.msanchezlab.net/_files/venezuela_paleontologica/ven_pal_cap8.pdf |publisher=Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado |pages=133–156 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}

;Chilcatay Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Bianucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Bosio |first2=Giulia |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=De Muizon |first4=Christian |last5=Villa |first5=Igor M. |last6=Urbina |first6=Mario |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |year=2018 |title=A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=172302 |doi=10.1098/rsos.172302 |pmid=29765678 |pmc=5936943 |bibcode=2018RSOS....572302B }}
  • {{citation |last=De la Cruz |first=Aldo Alván |year=2008 |title=Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú) |url=http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtualdata/publicaciones/geologia/vol11_n21/a07vol11n21.pdf |journal=Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG |volume=11 |pages=51–59 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
  • {{citation |last1=Lambert |first1=Olivier |last2=De Muizon |first2=Christian |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=Di Celma |first4=Claudio |last5=Urbina |first5=Mario |last6=Bianucci |first6=Giovanni |year=2017 |title=A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319652698 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=981–1016 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2017.1359689 |hdl=11568/891482 |accessdate=2019-02-12|hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Lambert |first1=Olivier |last2=Bianucci |first2=Giovanni |last3=Urbina |first3=Mario |year=2014 |title=Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265606066 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=987–1004 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.858050 |bibcode=2014JVPal..34..987L |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Cura-Mallín Group

  • {{citation |last1=Flynn |first1=John J. |author2-link=Reynaldo Charrier |last2=Charrier |first2=Reynaldo |author3-link=Darin A. Croft |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip B. |last5=Herriott |first5=Trystan M. |last6=Wertheim |first6=Jill A. |author7-link=Andre Wyss |last7=Wyss |first7=André R. |year=2008 |title=Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile |url=http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125201/Flynn_John.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=412–423 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006 |bibcode=2008JSAES..26..412F |accessdate=2017-10-20}}
  • {{citation |last1=Shockey |first1=Bruce J. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |author3-link=Darin A. Croft |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip |author5-link=Andre Wyss |last5=Wyss |first5=André R. |year=2012 |title=New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690741 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3737 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1206/3737.2 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
  • {{citation |last1=Utgé |first1=Silvana |last2=Folguera |first2=Andrés |last3=Litvak |first3=Vanesa |author4-link=Víctor Alberto Ramos |last4=Ramos |first4=Víctor A. |year=2009 |title=Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222009000200005 |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=231–248 |accessdate=2017-10-01}}

;Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

  • {{citation |last=Reichler |first=Valeria A |year=2010 |title=Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v37n1/art08.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=31 |pages=177–219 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Jimol Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Amson |first1=Eli |last2=Carrillo |first2=Juan D. |author3-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |year=2016 |title=Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Amson_et_al-2016_Sloth_Castilletes.pdf |journal=Palaeontology |volume= |pages=1–20 |accessdate=2017-03-31}}
  • {{citation |last1=Cadena |first1=Edwin |author2-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Cadena_2015_turtles_Castilletes_Ameghin.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=188–203 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.10.11.2014.2835 |accessdate=2017-08-08 |author1-link=Edwin Cadena }}
  • {{citation |last1=Carrillo |first1=Juan D. |last2=Amson |first2=Eli |author3-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |last4=Sánchez |first4=Rodolfo |last5=Quiroz |first5=Luis |last6=Cuartas |first6=Carlos |last7=Rincón |first7=Aldo F. |last8=Sánchez Villagra |first8=Marcelo R. |year=2018 |title=The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates |url=https://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/book/172 |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |volume=101 |pages=1–67 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}
  • {{citation |last1=Carrillo Briceño |first1=Jorge D. |last2=Argyriou |first2=Thodoris |last3=Zapata |first3=Vladimir |last4=Kindlimann |first4=René |author5-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2016 |title=A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/124206/1/AMGH.26.10.2015.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=77–99 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.26.10.2015.2931 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Hendy |first1=Austin J.W. |last2=Jones |first2=Douglas S. |last3=Moreno |first3=Federico |last4=Zapata |first4=Vladimir |author5-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=https://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Hendy_2015_Castilletes_molluscs.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=45–75 |doi=10.1007/s13358-015-0074-1 |bibcode=2015SwJP..134...45H |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Moreno |first1=F. |last2=Hendy |first2=A.J.W. |last3=Quiroz |first3=L. |last4=Hoyos |first4=N. |last5=Jones |first5=D.S. |last6=Zapata |first6=V. |last7=Zapata |first7=S. |last8=Ballen |first8=G.A. |last9=Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo |first9=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia |url=http://wwwprof.uniandes.edu.co/~cmontes/CamiloMontes/Publications_files/moreno_etal_2015_Guajira__stratigraphy.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.1007/s13358-015-0071-4 |bibcode=2015SwJP..134....5M |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last=Moreno Bernal |first=Jorge W |year=2014 |title=Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=geoscidiss |publisher=University of Nebraska |pages=1–66 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
  • {{citation |last1=Suárez |first1=Catalina |last2=Forasiepi |first2=AnalÍa M. |last3=Goin |first3=Francisco J. |author4-link=Carlos Jaramillo (geologist) |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia |url=http://stri-sites.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Suarez_C_et_al_2016_Insights_into-the-Neotropics_prior-to-the_GABI.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=e1029581 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1029581 |hdl=11336/53653 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}

;Mariño Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Cerdeño |first1=Esperanza |last2=Vera |first2=Bárbara |last3=Combina |first3=Ana María |year=2018 |title=A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325955181 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=88 |pages=118–131 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.06.016 |bibcode=2018JSAES..88..118C |hdl=11336/158508 |accessdate=2019-02-11 |author1-link=Esperanza Cerdeño |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Villafañe |first1=A. L. |first2=G. I. |author3-link=Esperanza Cerdeño |last2=Schmidt |first3=E. |last3=Cerdeño |year=2012 |title=Consideraciones sistemáticas y bioestratigráficas acerca de Thoatheriopsis mendocensis Soria, 2001 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=365–374|doi=10.5710/AMGH.v49i3(480) |hdl=11336/71246 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{citation |last1=Cerdeño |first1=Esperanza |first2=G. M. |last2=López |first3=M. A. |last3=Reguero |year=2008 |title=Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=574–577 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[574:BCOTDF]2.0.CO;2 |author1-link=Esperanza Cerdeño }}
  • {{citation |last1=Cerdeño |first1=Esperanza |last2=Guiomar Vucetich |first2=M. |year=2007 |title=The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications |url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1739/173918417002.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=34 |pages=199–207 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV34n2-a02 |accessdate=2017-10-23 |author1-link=Esperanza Cerdeño }}
  • {{citation |last1=Cerdeño |first1=Esperanza |first2=B. |last2=González Riga |first3=O. |last3=Bordonaro |year=2006 |title=Primer hallazgo de mamíferos en la Formación Mariño (Mioceno) en Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=43 |pages=205–214 |author1-link=Esperanza Cerdeño }}

;Pinturas Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Kramarz |first1=Alejandro G. |last2=Bond |first2=Mariano |year=2005 |title=Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/928/1693 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=42 |pages=611–625 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
  • {{citation |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro G |year=2001 |title=Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis) |url=http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3349_Kramarz.pdf |publisher=Universidad de Buenos Aires |pages=1–300 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Río Yuca Formation

  • {{citation |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=Macsotay |first3=Oliver |last4=McDonald |first4=H. Gregory |last5=Nüñez Flores |first5=Mónica |year=2016 |title=A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305953533 |journal=Geobios |volume=757 |issue=5 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2016.06.005 |bibcode=2016Geobi..49..395R |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

{{SALMA}}

Category:Miocene South America

Category:Neogene Argentina

.017Santacrucian