Sapé language
{{Short description|Extinct Arutani–Sape language of Venezuela}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sapé
| nativename = {{lang|spc|Sapé}}{{Cite web|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Amigliazza-1978-maku/Migliazza_1978_MakuSapeUruakLanguages.pdf|title=MAKU, SAPE AND URUAK LANGUAGES CURRENT STATUS AND BASIC LEXiCON|website=etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com}}
| states = Venezuela
| region = Paragua and Karuna rivers
| date =
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = Arutani–Sape ?
| iso3 = spc
| glotto = sape1238
| glottorefname = Sapé
| map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Sapé is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
| notice = IPA
| extinct = November 2018, with the death of Ramón Quimillo Lezama
| speakers2 = 2 semispeakers (2019)
| altname = Kaliana
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[sapé]}}
}}
Sapé, also called Kaliana or Caliana, is an extinct language recently spoken along the Paragua River and Karuna River. There were only about a few dozen speakers in the mid-1900s, and by the 2000s, only a few elderly speakers were found. Sapé may be a language isolate.
Documentation
Sape is one of the most poorly attested extant languages in South America, and there is no comprehensive linguistic description of the language other than scattered word lists.{{Cite web |title=The status of the least documented language families in the world |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4478/hammarstrom.pdf |website=scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu |page=183}}Dixon and Aikhenvald, 1999, The Amazonian Languages, p 343.
Word lists have been collected by Armellada & Matallana (1942),Armellada, Cesareo de & Baltasar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración del Paragua. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 8, 61-110. Migliazza (1978),Migliazza, Ernest C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak languages current status and basic lexicon. Anthropological Linguistics 20(3), 133-140. Walter Coppens,Coppens, Walter. 2008 [1983]. Los Uruak (Arutani). In Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) Los aborígenes de Venezuela, 2nd edition, Volume 2, 705-737. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología. and Francia Medina.Medina, Francia. 2008. Los Sapé: notas sobre su situación presente y actualización bibliográfica. In Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) Los aborígines de Venezuela, 2nd edition, Volume 2, 739-746. Caracas: Ediciones IVIC, Monte Ávila Editores, ICAS, Fundación La Salle. There are unpublished field notebooks by Fèlix Cardona i Puig from the 1930s-1940s containing linguistic data of Sapé.
Perozo et al. (2008: 175–176) was also able to collect 44 words and 5 short phrases from semi-speakers living in the Ninam villages of Boca de Ichún and Kavamaikén and the Pemon village of Karunkén in Venezuela.Perozo, Laura, Ana Liz Flores, Abel Perozo, and Mercedes Aguinagalde. 2008. Escenario histórico y sociocultural del alto Paragua, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. In Josefa Celsa Señaris, Carlos A. Lasso & Ana Liz Flores (eds.) Evaluación rápida de la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos de la cuenca alta del río Paragua, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, 169-180, 302-308. Arlington, VA: Conservation International. Some of the Sapé semi-speakers have since moved to Yuwapí Merú, a village located on the Middle Paragua. There may also be semi-speakers of Sapé living in the Pemon village of Venevené (Benebené, Veneveken).
=Loukotka (1968)=
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Kaliána.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Kaliána | |
| one | koki |
| two | ikiria |
| three | komoña |
| head | koyanukú |
| eye | kam-kukú |
| tooth | kaká |
| man | mínõ |
| water | inám |
| fire | txokó |
| sun | yám |
| manioc | téntu |
| jaguar | pudzyín |
| house | enaĩ |
Sociolinguistic situation
According to Rosés Labrada & Medina (2019), the last fluent speakers of Sapé were Elena Lezama, who died in 2004, and Ramón Quimillo Lezama, who died in November 2018. However, at least 2 semi-speakers remain.{{Cite journal |last1=Labrada |first1=Jorge Emilio Rosés |last2=Medina |first2=Francia |date=2019-08-31 |title=Sapé (Venezuela) -- Language Snapshot |url=https://www.lddjournal.org/article/id/1199/ |journal=Language Documentation and Description |language=en-US |volume=16 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.25894/ldd125 |issn=2756-1224}} Traditionally located along the Karún River and the Upper Paragua River, most Sapé have assimilated into Pemon-speaking villages.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Warao, Chibchan, Puinave-Kak, Jirajara, Tukano (especially Cubeo and Wanano), Arutani, and Máku language families due to contact.{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}
Similarities with Chibchan are primarily with the Magdalena subgroup.{{rp|326}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- Alain Fabre, 2005, [http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Sapé.pdfDiccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: SAPÉ.]
- Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, [https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/search/ailla:119555?type=dismax Sapé Collection]
{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{South American languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sape language}}
Category:Arutani–Sape languages
Category:Critically endangered languages
Category:Indigenous languages of South America
Category:Languages of Venezuela