Sarah Frances Whiting

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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1847|8|23|mf=yes}}

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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1927|9|12|1847|8|23|mf=yes}}

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| fields = Astronomy

| workplaces = Wellesley College

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| alma_mater = Ingham University

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| notable_students = Annie Jump Cannon

Isabelle Stone

Louise Sherwood McDowell

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Sarah Frances Whiting (August 23, 1847 – September 12, 1927) was an American physicist and astronomer. In February 1896 Whiting founded both the physics and astronomy departments;{{Cite journal |last=Cameron |first=John S. |last2=Musacchio |first2=Jacqueline Marie |date=2020-08-01 |title=Sarah Frances Whiting and the “photography of the invisible” |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/73/8/26/856809 |journal=Physics Today |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4545 |issn=0031-9228}} and was the first professor of physics and astronomy at Wellesley College, where she taught for over 30 years. At Wellesley College, Whiting instructed several notable astronomers and physicists, including Annie Jump Cannon. Whiting was one of the founders and the first director of the Whitin Observatory.

[[Biography]]

Sarah was one of the two daughters of Elizabeth Lee Comstock Whiting and Joel Whiting.{{Citation |last=Stahl |first=Frieda A. |title=Whiting, Sarah Frances |date=2014 |work=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |pages=2327–2329 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1467 |access-date=2025-03-17 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1467 |isbn=978-1-4419-9917-7 |editor2-last=Trimble |editor2-first=Virginia |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Thomas R. |editor4-last=Bracher |editor4-first=Katherine}} Whiting was interested from an early age in science by her father, who taught natural philosophy. She would often attend and help setup presentations for his classes. Whiting graduated from Ingham University in 1865, after which she taught classics and mathematics at Brooklyn Heights Seminary, a girls' secondary school in Brooklyn.{{Cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=John S.|last2=Musacchio|first2=Jacqueline Marie|date=2020-08-01|title=Sarah Frances Whiting and the "photography of the invisible"|journal=Physics Today|volume=73|issue=8|pages=26–32|doi=10.1063/PT.3.4545|issn=0031-9228|doi-access=free}}

Whiting was appointed by Wellesley College president Henry Fowle Durant, one year after the College's 1875 opening, as its first professor of physics. She established its physics department and the undergraduate experimental physics lab at Wellesley, the second of its kind to be started in the country.

At the request of Durant, she attended lectures at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology given by Edward Charles Pickering.{{Cite book |last=Palmieri |first=Patricia Ann |title=In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780300063882 |location=New Haven}} Through attending Pickering's classes, Whiting observed the techniques of teaching science through laboratory work, which was then new to the United States. Whiting adopted this pedagogy for her own classes, and so established the second undergraduate physics laboratory in the United States, after MIT.

Pickering also invited Whiting to observe some of the new techniques being applied to astronomy, such as spectroscopy.{{Cite journal |last=Hentschel |first=Klaus |date=1999-10-01 |title=The Culture of Visual Representations in Spectroscopic Education and Laboratory Instruction |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s000160050023 |journal=Physics in Perspective |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=282–327 |doi=10.1007/s000160050023 |issn=1422-6944}}{{Cite book |last=Hentschel |first=Klaus |title=Mapping the spectrum: techniques of visual representation in research and teaching |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850953-0 |location=Oxford; New York}} In 1880, Whiting started teaching a course of practical astronomy at Wellesley.

In February 1896, only a few weeks after the public announcement of the discovery of x-rays, Whiting conducted x-ray experiments with her students and other physics professors. She was among the first in the United States and likely the first woman to successfully replicate Wilhelm Röntgen's x-rays. Her original glass plates were not able to be recovered, however, fifteen photographs printed from them were retrieved from a campus building slated for demolition. They provide a glimpse into Whiting's work.{{Cite journal |last=Cameron |first=John S. |last2=Musacchio |first2=Jacqueline Marie |date=2020-08-01 |title=Sarah Frances Whiting and the “photography of the invisible” |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/73/8/26/856809/Sarah-Frances-Whiting-and-the-photography-of-the |journal=Physics Today |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4545 |issn=0031-9228}} As told by biographer and former student Annie Jump Cannon,

An especially exciting moment came when the Boston morning papers reported the discovery of the Rontgen or X-rays in 1895. The advanced students in physics of those days will always remember the zeal with which Miss Whiting immediately set up an old Crookes tube and the delight when she actually obtained some of the first photographs taken in this country of coins within a purse and bones within the flesh.Annie J. Cannon (1927). "Sarah Frances Whiting." Science, Nov. 4, 1927, pp. 417-418.

In addition to Cannon, Whiting was also assisted or attended in the X-ray experiments by Mabel Augusta Chase and Grace Evangeline Davis. In these experiments, they played with the variables in the established set up to improve image quality and learn how x-rays could penetrate different materials. File:Whitin observatory 1935Legenda.png

Between 1896 and 1900, Whiting helped Wellesley College trustee Sarah Elizabeth Whitin to establish the Whitin Observatory, of which Whiting became the first director.

During her time at Wellesley, Whiting kept up to date on scientific developments and shared the knowledge with her students. She met with Thomas Edison and learned of his incandescent bulbs. She then gave a demonstration at Wellesley of these bulbs to the board of trustees in the hopes of getting them to invest in the new technology. Additionally, she traveled and attended classes at universities all over the world and connected with scientists.

Tufts College bestowed an honorary doctorate on Whiting in 1905.

Sarah Whiting was also known for supporting prohibition.

Whiting retired from her position as a professor of physics at Wellesley in 1912, but remained as Director of the Whitin Observatory until 1916. She held the title of Professor Emeritus until her death in 1927 in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. She is buried in Machpelah Cemetery in Le Roy, New York, near her now-defunct alma mater, Ingham University.

Writings

File:Daytime and evening exercises in astronomy, for schools and colleges (IA cu31924031322104).pdf

Whiting wrote the textbook Daytime and Evening Exercises in Astronomy, for Schools and Colleges.{{Cite book |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |title=Daytime and Evening Exercises in Astronomy, for Schools and Colleges |date=1912 |publisher=Ginn and Company |location=Boston}}

She was an author of several articles in Popular Astronomy, including:

"Use of Graphs in Teaching Astronomy",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1905 |title=Use of Graphs in Teaching Astronomy |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1905PA.....13..185W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=13 |pages=185-190}}
"Use of Drawings in Orthographic Projection and of Globes in Teaching Astronomy",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1905 |title=Use of Drawings in Orthographic Projection and of Globes in Teaching Astronomy |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1905PA.....13..235W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=13 |pages=235-240}}
"Spectroscopic Work for Classes in Astronomy",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1905 |title=Spectroscopic Work for Classes in Astronomy |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1905PA.....13..387W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=13 |pages=387-391}}
"The Use of Photographs in Teaching Astronomy",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1905 |title=The Use of Photographs in Teaching Astronomy |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=13 |pages=430-434}}
"Partial Solar Eclipse, June 28, 1908",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah |date=1908 |title=Partial Solar Eclipse, June 28, 1908 |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=16 |pages=458}}
Solar Halos,{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1909 |title=Solar Halos |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=17 |pages=389}}
"A Pedagogical Suggestion for Teachers of Astronomy",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1912 |title=A Pedagogical Suggestion for Teachers of Astronomy |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1912PA.....20..156W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=20 |pages=156-160}}

"Priceless Accessions to Whitin Observatory Wellesley College",{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1914 |title=Priceless Accessions to Whitin Observatory Wellesley College |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914PA.....22..487W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=22 |pages=487-492}}
"The Tulse Hill Observatory Diaries"{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1917 |title=The Tulse Hill Observatory Diaries |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/PA.../0025//0000117.000.html |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=25 |pages=117-118}}{{Cite journal |last=Whiting |first=Sarah F. |date=1917 |title=The Tulse Hill Observatory Diaries |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1917PA.....25..158W |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=25 |pages=158-163}}

Whiting also wrote an obituary for Margaret Lindsay Huggins and reminiscences of William Thomson.Whiting, Sarah F. (1915). "Lady Huggins." Astrophysical Journal, vol. 42, p. 1.{{Cite journal|last=Whiting|first=Sarah Frances|title=Reminiscences of Lord Kelvin |date=1924-08-15|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.60.1546.149|journal=Science|language=en|volume=60|issue=1546|pages=149–150|doi=10.1126/science.60.1546.149|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17750762}}

She described her experiences in physics in the Wellesley College News article "The experiences of a woman physicist."Sarah Frances Whiting. "The experiences of a woman physicist." Wellesley College News, Jan. 9, 1913, 1-6.

Achievements

Honors:

1883 Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
1905 Honorary doctorate, Tufts College

Tenures:

1876–1912 Professor of Physics, Wellesley College
1900–1916 Director, Whitin Observatory, Wellesley College
1916–1927 Professor Emeritus, Wellesley College

Education:

AB Ingham University 1865

References

External links

[http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Whiting,_Sarah_Frances@944123456.html Brief biography of Sarah Whiting]
[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000073000011001009000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Sarah Frances Whiting: A foremother of American women physicists]
[http://passporttoknowledge.com/storm/who/bios/women1.htm Women in Meteorology before World War II]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100623074528/http://www.wellesley.edu/Library/Archives/HistoryWall/faculty14.html Sarah Frances Whiting, at Wellesley College Archives]
[https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-wz.html Sarah Frances Whiting at Women in Astronomy: A Comprehensive Bibliography]

Category:1847 births

Category:1927 deaths

Category:American women astronomers

Category:American physicists

Category:Wellesley College faculty

Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni

Category:Whitin Observatory