Saraiki language

The present extent of the meaning of {{IAST|Sirāikī}} is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1995|p=3}} It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had the meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word {{lang|sd|siro}} 'up-river, north'.{{harvnb|Rahman|1995|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Shackle|1976|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Shackle|1977|p=388}} This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli"{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}} or "Sireli".{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=24}}

An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā, or Sauvira,{{sfn|Dani|1981|p=36}} an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata.

Currently, the most common rendering of the name is Saraiki.{{efn|Saraiki is the spelling used in universities of Pakistan (the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, department of Saraiki established in 1989,{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=26|title=The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan - Department|work=iub.edu.pk}} Bahauddin Zakariya University, in Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006,{{cite web|url=http://www.bzu.edu.pk/departmentindex.php?id=33|title=Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan |work=bzu.edu.pk}} and Allama Iqbal Open University, in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998),{{cite web|url=http://www.aiou.edu.pk/DeptDetail.asp?DeptID=47|title=Department Detail|work=aiou.edu.pk}} and by the district governments of Bahawalpur{{cite web|url=http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm|title=History of Bahawalpur|work=bahawalpur.gov.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611045704/http://www.bahawalpur.gov.pk/history.htm|archive-date=11 June 2012|url-status=dead}} and Multan,{{cite web|url=http://www.multan.gov.pk/page.php?data=136|title=Introduction -City District Government Multan|work=multan.gov.pk}} as well as by the federal institutions of the Government of Pakistan like Population Census Organization[https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm Population by Mother Tongue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |date=12 September 2011 }}, website of the Population Census organization of Pakistan and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation.[http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490 Saraiki News Bulletins] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092215/http://www.radio.gov.pk/cms/TopStoryDetail.asp?id=490 |date=6 October 2014 }}, website of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation}} However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.{{sfn|Shackle|1977}}

{{Further|Punjabi dialects}}

File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg

Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

In 1919, George Abraham Grierson maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=18–20}} Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore. The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.{{sfn|Grierson|1919}} However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi. Spoken in

Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered a dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility.{{cite book |editor1-last=Klein |editor1-first=Jared |editor2-last=Joseph |editor2-first=Brian |editor3-last=Fritz |editor3-first=Matthias |title=Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics; Volume 1 |date=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin, Boston |isbn=9783110393248 |pages=434–435}}

The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki:This is the grouping in {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|pp=229–31}}, which largely coincides with that in {{harvtxt|Shackle|1976|pp=5–8}}.

• Central Saraiki, including Multani: spoken in the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Leiah, Multan and Bahawalpur.
• Southern Saraiki: prevalent in the districts of Rajanpur and Rahimyar Khan.
• Sindhi Siraiki: dispersed throughout the province of Sindh and in Kachhi Plain region in Balochistan province.
• Northern Saraiki, or Thali:{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=8}} spoken in the district of Dera Ismail Khan and the northern parts of the Thal region, including Mianwali District and Bhakkar District

The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name "Derawali" is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan, but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p = 426}}{{sfn|Grierson|1919|pp=239ff}}

When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.

In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.See {{harvnb|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}}. For a brief discussion of the case of Saraiki, see {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|pp=225–26}}. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.{{sfn|Rahman|1995|p=16}} The term "Saraiki" was first introduced for the Multani, Riasti and Derawali dialects of this "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage in the 1960s as a result of a sociopolitical movement.{{Cite news |last=Nazir |first=Kahut |date=24 May 2009 |title=The origin and politics of the Seraiki movement |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/881086/the-origin-and-politics-of-the-seraiki-movement#:~:text=To%20alienate%20central,Punjabi.%E2%80%9D%20(P.%20180). |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126124345/https://www.dawn.com/news/881086/the-origin-and-politics-of-the-seraiki-movement#:~:text=To%20alienate%20central,Punjabi.%E2%80%9D%20%28P.%20180%29. |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=DAWN |pages=1}} According to Pakistani politicians such as Hanif Ramay and Fakhar Zaman, the Saraiki linguistic movement was thought to have been pushed by feudal landowners of the Seraiki belt.{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&dq=Main+ethnicity+of+saraikis&pg=PA184 |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |page=184 |language=en |quote=The president of the Punjab PPP, Fakhir Zaman, thought that Seraiki was one among many other dialects of Punjabi. Hanif Ramay a former PPP chief minister of Punjab, had a similar stance. Both also thought that it was the feudal landowners of the Seraiki belt who were behind the seperatist movement.}}{{TOC limit|3}}

Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators,{{sfn|Rahman|1996|p=173}} and is still seen as such by many Punjabis.{{sfn|Shackle|2014a|ps=: "it has come to be increasingly recognized internationally as a language in its own right, although this claim continues to be disputed by many Punjabi speakers who regard it as a dialect of Punjabi".}} Saraikis, however, consider it a language in its own right{{harvnb|Rahman|1995|p=16}}: "the Punjabis claim that Siraiki is a dialect of Punjabi, whereas the Siraikis call it a language in its own right." and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising.{{sfn|Rahman|1996|p=175}}

A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language.{{sfn|Shackle|1977}}{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}}

File:Saraiki Poet and intellectual.JPG

Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab, in an area that broadly coincides with the extent of the proposed South Punjab Province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto- and Balochi-speaking areas by the Suleiman Range, while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language. Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province; to the north, the southern edge of the Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=1–2}}

Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.{{sfn|Javaid|2004}} In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.Pakistan census 1998

After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Goswami|1994|p=30}} There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh, prior to Partition.{{cite web|title=Kahan se aa gai ({{Nastaliq|کہاں سے کہاں آ گئے}})|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922000201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/india/2009/05/090505_wusat_multan_pkg.shtml|url-status=dead}}

There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, {{sigfig|29253|2}} people reported their language as "Bahawal Puri", and {{sigfig|61722|2}} as "Hindi Multani".{{cite web|title = 2011 Census tables: C-16, population by Native languages|website = Census of India Website|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210063438/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html| archive-date = 10 December 2019}} However, these are not representative of the actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown.{{harvnb|Goswami|1994|pp=30–31}}; {{harvnb|Bhatia|2016|pp=134–35}}. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to the dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi.{{sfn|Goswami|1994|pp=31, 33}} One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi.{{sfn|Goswami|1994|pp=32–33}}

Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi.{{sfn|Masica|1991}} It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=12, 18}}

The "centralised"{{efn|The terms "centralised" and "peripheral" are used in {{Harvnb|Shackle|1976}} and {{Harvnb|Shackle|2003}}.}} vowels {{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}} tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels {{IPA|/i ɛ a o u/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=12–13}} The central vowel {{IPA link|ə|/ə/}} is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=588}} Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: {{IPA|/'ʈuɾẽ/}} 'may you go' vs. {{IPA|/'ʈuɾe/}} 'may he go'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=17}} Before {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, the contrast between {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} is neutralised.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=32}} There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs.

Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants:{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=590}}

In its stop consonants, Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless, and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed a set of implosives, so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless {{IPA|/tʃala/}} 'custom' ~ aspirated {{IPA|/tʃʰala/}} 'blister' ~ implosive {{IPA|/ʄala/}} 'cobweb' ~ voiced {{IPA|/dʒala/}} 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate {{IPA|/dʒʰəɠ/}} 'foam'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=18–19}}

There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar, palatal, retroflex, dental and bilabial. The dentals {{IPA|/t tʰ d dʰ/}} are articulated with the blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar, the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}}

There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}}.{{efn|They are transcribed as such by {{harvtxt|Awan|Baseer|Sheeraz|2012|p=127}}. {{Harvtxt|Latif|2003|p=91}} reports that these consonants have similar spectrograms to those of Urdu. {{harvtxt|Shackle|1976|p=22}} has them as pre-palatal. None of these sources discuss the issue at length.}} In casual speech some of the stops, especially {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively {{IPA|[x]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[z]}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=21}}

Of the nasals, only {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/m/}} are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: {{IPA|/ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/}}. The retroflex {{IPA link|ɳ}} is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it is a nasalised retroflex flap {{IPA|[ɽ̃]}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=23}} The contrasts {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ~ {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ~ {{IPA|/ɲdʒ/}} are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals {{IPA|/ŋ n m/}} have aspirated counterparts {{IPA|/ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/}}.

The realisation of the alveolar tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to {{IPA|/ɾɾ/}} and weakly trilled if preceded by {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}}. It contrasts with the retroflex flap {{IPA|/ɽ/}} ({{IPA|/taɾ/}} 'wire' ~ {{IPA|/taɽ/}} 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–23, 27}} The fricatives {{IPA|/f v/}} are labio-dental. The glottal fricative {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=31–33}}

There are no tones in Saraiki.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}} All consonants except {{IPA|/h j ɳ ɽ/}} can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels,{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=27}} and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=592}}

A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length: if the vowel is peripheral {{IPA|/i ɛ a o u/}} then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ({{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}}) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in the first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example {{IPA|/dɪɾ'kʰan/}} 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example {{IPA|/tʃʊ'həttəɾ/}} 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like {{IPA|/it'la/}} 'informing' and {{IPA|/'itla/}} 'so much'.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=28–29}}

Unusually for South Asian languages, implosive consonants are found in Sindhi, possibly some Rajasthani dialects,{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=104}} and Saraiki, which has the following series: /{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{IPA link|ᶑ}} {{IPA link|ʄ}} {{IPA link|ɠ}}/.

The "palatal" {{IPA|/ʄ/}} is denti-alveolar{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} and laminal, articulated further forward than most other palatals.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=28}} describes its place of articulation as almost identical to the {{grapheme|d'}} [{{IPA link|ɟ}}] of Czech.}}

The "retroflex" {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar,{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=22–23}} pre-palatal or pre-retroflex.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} {{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=30}} reports that this sound is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced {{IPA|/ɖ/}} and the implosive {{IPA|/ᶑ/}} are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like {{IPA|/ɖakʈəɾ/}} 'doctor' ~ {{IPA|/ᶑak/}} 'mail'.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=590–91}}{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–21}} The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop {{IPA|/d/}} in the genitive postposition/suffix {{IPA|/da/}}, which takes the form of {{IPA|/ᶑa/}} when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: {{IPA|/meᶑa/}} 'my', {{IPA|/teᶑa/}} 'your'.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=80}}

A dental implosive ({{IPA|/ɗ̪/}}) is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect, considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by {{harvtxt|Wagha|1997|p=229}},

which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops,{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=234–35}} and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=23}} The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}} It is not present in Saraiki, although {{harvtxt|Bahl|1936|p=29}} contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of {{IPA|/ʄ/}} and the lesser retroflexion of {{IPA|/ᶑ/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=590–91}}

Aspirated (breathy voiced) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: {{IPA|/ɓʰɛ(h)/}} 'sit' ~ {{IPA|/bʰɛ/}} 'fear'.{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=77–78}} The aspiration is not phonemic;{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=22}} it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable,{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=39–40}} and results from an underlying {{IPA|/h/}} that follows the vowel, thus {{IPA|[ɓʰɛh]}} is phonemically {{IPA|/ɓɛh/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=31}}

The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole{{efn|Saraiki differs for example in the presence of geminated implosives, or the treatment of Sanskrit {{IAST|vy-}}, whose Saraiki reflex {{IPA|/ɓ/}} contrasts with the Sindhi {{IPA|/w/}}.{{harv|Bahl|1936|pp=57–64}}}} the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit {{IAST|janayati}} > Saraiki {{IPA|ʄəɲən}} 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, {{IAST|yava}} > {{IPA|dʒao}} 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian or English ({{IPA|ɡərdən}} 'throat', {{IPA|bəs}} 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of the major developments:{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=57–64}}

Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants".{{sfn|Bahl|1936|pp=4, 10}}

{{See also|Saraiki alphabet}}

{{Arabic-script sidebar|Saraiki}}

In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic-derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|pp=598–99}}{{efn|The practice is traced back to Juke's 1900 dictionary. The modern standard was agreed upon in 1979 {{harv|Wagha|1997|pp=240–41}}.}} In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used.{{sfn|Shackle|2014b}} The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}}

Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=594}}{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=239–40}} Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani, was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.{{Cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4027.pdf|title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926181548/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4027.pdf|url-status=dead}} Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.{{citation needed|date=October 2016|reason = a quick search at unicode.org doesn't reveal anything. Multani seems to be there though.}} The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed any more.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}}{{better source needed|date=November 2016}}

The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University, Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate.{{cite news |title=Govt plans to recruit teachers of Punjabi, Seraiki languages |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1674633 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 February 2022 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=In a first, K-P introduces regional-language books in govt schools |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1341136/landmark-move-first-k-p-introduces-regional-language-books-govt-schools |work=The Express Tribune |date=27 February 2017 |language=en}} Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched a Saraiki version of its site, as well.{{cite web|url=https://saraiki.app.com.pk/saraiki/ |title=Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - Saraiki|work=app.com.pk|date=18 February 2024 }}

{{Main|Saraiki literature}}

{{See also|Saraiki culture}}

File:A picture of Shrine of Hazrat Khwaja Ghulam Farid by Usman Ghani.jpg]]

The language, partly codified during the British Raj, derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid, who has become an identity symbol.{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQDzCQAAQBAJ&dq=saraiki+ghulam+farid&pg=PT177 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability And Resilience |date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-707-7 |pages=187 |language=en}} His poems, known as Kafi are still famous.

{{poemquote|text=The beloved's intense glances call for blood

The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black

And slays the lovers with no excuse

My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait

While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart

My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid|source=one of Khwaja Ghulam Farid's poems (translated)}}

Shakir Shujabadi (Kalam-e-Shakir, Khuda Janey, Shakir Diyan Ghazlan, Peelay Patr, Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway, and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognised modern poet.{{Cite web |title=Shakir Shujabadi |url=http://www.wasaib.com/shakir-shujabadi/}}

Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and the most popular singers from the Saraiki belt.{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=Legendary Saraiki singer Shafa Ullah passes away |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2261722/legendary-saraiki-singer-shafa-ullah-passes-away |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}} {{anchor|Saraiki media}}

{{See also|Television in Pakistan}}

Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan, he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36075|title=Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - PTV's Saraiki channel to promote area's culture: PM|author=uploader|work=app.com.pk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055954/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36075|archive-date=21 September 2013}}

These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki.

{{See also|Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation}}

• Saraikistan
• Saraiki people
• List of Saraiki people
• Saraiki culture
• Saraiki cuisine
• Saraiki literature
• Saraiki diaspora

{{Notelist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite JIPA |author1=Atta, Firdos |author2=van de Weijer, Jeroen |author3=Zhu, Lei |title=Saraiki|pages=1–21|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000328|onlinedate=2020-11-23|soundfiles=yes}}

{{refend}}

{{Reflist|25em}}

{{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}}

• Asif, Saiqa Imtiaz. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925180100/http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Journal%20Vol%207/Saqia%20Imtiaz.pdf Siraiki Language and Ethnic Identity]. Journal of Research (Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies), 7: 9-17. Multan (Pakistan): Bahauddin Zakariya University.
• {{Cite journal| last1 = Awan| first1 = Muhammad Safeer| last2 = Baseer| first2 = Abdul| last3 = Sheeraz| first3 = Muhammad| title = Outlining Saraiki Phonetics: A Comparative Study of Saraiki and English Sound System| journal = Language in India| issn = 1930-2940| volume = 12| issue = 7| pages = 120–136| access-date = 21 October 2016| date = 2012| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/july2012/awansaraikisoundsystemfinal.pdf}}
• {{Cite book| last = Bahl| first = Parmanand| title = Étude de phonetique historique et experimentale des consonnes injectives du Multani, dialecte panjabi occidental| location = Paris|publisher = Adrien-Maisonneuve| date = 1936}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1062344143|title=A descriptive grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki|last2=Conners|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Hefright|first3=Brook|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|others=Hefright, Brook|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61451-296-7|pages=62; 77|oclc=1062344143|author-link=Elena Bashir}}
• {{cite book| last = Bhatia | first = Motia| year = 2016| chapter = Lahanda | pages = 134–57| title = The Languages of Punjab | editor-last1= Devy| editor-first1 = Ganesh| editor-last2= Koul| editor-first2 = Omkar N.| editor-last3= Bhat| editor-first3 = Roop Krishen| series = People's Linguistic Survey of India| volume = 24| number = 2 | place = Hyderabad| publisher = Orient Blackswan| isbn = 978-8125062400}}
• {{Cite book| last = Dani| first = A.H.| editor-last = Khuhro| editor-first = Hamida| title = Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975| chapter = Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind| location = Karachi| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577250-0| date = 1981| pages = 35–42}}
• {{cite web |last=Gardezi |first=Hassan N. |year=1996 |title=Saraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/sang1296.htm#NO2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421115140/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/sang1296.htm#NO2 |archive-date=21 April 2009 }}
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• {{Cite LSI|8|1}}
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• {{Cite journal|author-last=Latif|author-first=Amna|year=2003|url=http://www.cle.org.pk/Publication/Crulp_report/CR03_16E.pdf|title=Phonemic Inventory of Siraiki Language and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives|publisher=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing|journal=CRULP Annual Student Report, 2002-2003}}
• {{Cite web| title = Saraiki| url = https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/skr| editor-last1 = Lewis| editor-first1 = M. Paul| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| website = Ethnologue| year = 2016| edition = 19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190425102808/http://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/skr/| archive-date = 25 April 2019| url-access = subscription}}
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• {{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| author-mask = 2| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi = 10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700| issn = 0004-4687}}
• {{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1976| title = The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar| location = London| publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies}}
• {{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1977| author-mask = 2| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190| s2cid = 144829301}}
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• {{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2007| author-mask = 2| title = Language and national identity in Asia| chapter = Pakistan| editor-last= Simpson| editor-first=Andrew| series = Oxford linguistics Y| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-922648-1}}
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• {{cite thesis|last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-access= registration|access-date= 5 November 2016|archive-date= 14 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170214205829/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-status= dead}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{InterWiki|code= skr}}

• [http://www.dcc.ufla.br/infocomp/index.php/INFOCOMP/article/view/576/505 A review of the linguistic literature on Saraiki]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• [http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html Saraiki Alphabet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130213535/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/western-panjabi-alphabet.html |date=30 November 2017 }} with Gurmukhi equivalents
• [http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/ Download Saraiki font and keyboard for Windows and Android] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403194710/http://saraiki.jimdo.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88-%D8%AA%DB%92-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9/ |date=3 April 2015 }}
• [http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx Saraiki online transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022012757/http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/saraikiMT.aspx |date=22 October 2014 }}
• [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Aslam%20Rasoolpuri Works by Aslam Rasoolpuri] at the Internet Archive

{{Languages of Pakistan}}

{{Punjabi dialects}}

{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects

Category:Languages of India

Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan

Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan

Category:Languages of Sindh

Category:Languages written in Devanagari