Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone

{{Short description|Former border zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia}}

[[File:Former Saudi-Kuwaiti Neutral Zone en.svg|thumb|300px|right|{{center|The Saudi–Kuwait Neutral Zone

(2 December 1922 – 18 January 1970)

(Established by the Uqair Convention of December 1922)}}]]

The Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone, also known as the Divided Zone, was an area of {{Convert|5,770|km2||abbr=on}} between the borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait that was left undefined when the border was established by the Uqair Convention of 2 December 1922.{{cite journal

|first=Mohammed Talaat |last=El Ghoneimy |volume=15 |issue=3 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/756765 |jstor=756765 |publisher=British Institute of International and Comparative Law/Cambridge University Press |publication-place=London, United Kingdom of Great Britain |date=1 July 1966 |title=The Legal Status of the Saudi-Kuwaiti Neutral Zone |journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ) |issn=0020-5893 |pages=690–717 |oclc=1753375 |format=PDF |language=English |access-date=9 July 2021

}}{{cite journal |journal=American Journal of International Law |publisher=American Society of International Law (ASIL)/Cambridge University Press |issn=0002-9300 |jstor=00029300 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=735–749 |last=Hosni |first=Sayed M. |title=The partition of the Neutral Zone |doi=10.2307/2196925 |date=1 October 1966 |s2cid=147323918 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/partition-of-the-neutral-zone/9B5CF559A1B94F17500F8D10302BDAF7 }}

According to Daniel Yergin, "The Neutral Zone was the two thousand or so square miles of barren desert that had been carved out by the British in 1922 in the course of drawing a border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In order to accommodate the Bedouins, who wandered back and forth between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and for whom nationality was a hazy concept, it was agreed that the two countries would share sovereignty over the area."{{cite book

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6pGQvVqNAoC&pg=PA437 |chapter= 22: The Age of Discovery |pages=437–445 |title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power |date=1 December 2008 |publication-place=New York City, New York |access-date=9 July 2021 |publisher=Free Press (Simon & Schuster) |first=Daniel |last=Yergin |edition=3rd |isbn=9781439110126 |oclc=22381448 |via=Google Books }}

In the area, which was later called the "Neutral Zone" or "Divided Zone", the Uqair Convention stated that "the Government of Najd and Kuwait will share equal rights until through the good offices of the Government of Great Britain a further agreement is made between Najd and Kuwait concerning it".

However, there was little interest in a more definitive settlement in the so-called "Neutral Zone" until the 1938 discovery of oil in the Burgan (Burqan) area of Kuwait. With the possibility of oil within the "Neutral Zone" itself, concessions were granted in 1948–1949 by each government to Aminoil and Pacific Western Oil Corporation. Oil was discovered in March 1953. Later, the two countries exploited the oil under a joint operating agreement.

In 1957, Saudi Arabia signed a concession agreement with the Japanese-owned Arab Oil Co., and Kuwait signed in 1958. That concession expired in 2000.{{cite book |title=Out of the Desert: My Journey From Nomadic Bedouin to the Heart of Global Oil |publisher=Penguin Books |publication-place=London

|isbn=9780241978399 |first=Ali Ibrahim |last=Al-Naimi |edition=1st |date= 2016 |access-date=9 July 2021 |language=English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sahdDAAAQBAJ |via=Google Books |pages=173, 234–236 }} The company made its first offshore discovery in January 1960.{{rp|505–507}}

The partitioning negotiations commenced shortly after the rulers of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia met and decided, in October 1960, that the Neutral Zone should be divided. On 7 July 1965, the two governments signed an agreement (which took effect on 25 July 1966) to partition the Neutral Zone adjoining their respective territories. A demarcation agreement dividing the Neutral Zone was signed on 17 December 1967 but did not formally take effect until the exchange of instruments and signing which took place in Kuwait on 18 December 1969.{{cite web |url=http://www.meij.or.jp/text/border/KSA-Kuwait/ksakwt1969.htm |title=KSA Kuwait 1969 |accessdate=2005-12-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050109064808/http://www.meij.or.jp/text/border/KSA-Kuwait/ksakwt1969.htm |archivedate=2005-01-09 }} Ratification followed on 18 January 1970, and the agreement was published in the Kuwaiti Official Gazette on 25 January 1970.{{cite report |publisher=United States Department of State |department=Office of the Geographer (Directorate for Functional Research, Bureau of Intelligence and Research) |first=E.S. |last=Barson |editor1-first=R.D. |editor1-last=Hodgson |title=International Boundary Study No. 103 – September 15, 1970: Kuwait–Saudi Arabia Boundary |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |pages=1–10 |url=https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS103.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032922/https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS103.pdf |language=English |date=15 September 1970 |access-date=9 July 2021 |volume=103 }}

The zone was never assigned an ISO 3166 code since it was partitioned before the adoption of ISO 3166 in 1974.

The area was quickly, but briefly, overrun during the First Gulf War by Iraqi forces in 1991 after they invaded and occupied Kuwait; however, Coalition forces composed of American and Saudi contingents repelled the Iraqi offensive and liberated the area and the rest of Kuwait.{{cite report |title=The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis |first=James |last=Titus |publication-place=Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama |date=1 September 1996 |department=College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education (CADRE), Air University, United States Air Force |publisher=Air University (United States) |pages=3–39 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a360696.pdf |language=English |editor1-first=Jay W. |editor1-last=Kelly |archive-date=28 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128060231/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a360696.pdf }}

Despite the zone being partitioned half a century ago, oil pumping is still done by agreements.{{Clarify|date=March 2023}}{{cite news |first=Kudakwashe |last=Muzoriwa |editor1-first=William |editor1-last=Mullaly |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Rodrigues |agency=Bloomberg News |publication-place=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=9 July 2021 |title=Kuwait, Saudi to resume oil output from neutral zone this month |url=https://www.cpifinancial.net/ibf/news/kuwait-saudi-to-resume-oil-output-from-neutral-zone-this-month |publisher=CPI Financial |work=Islamic Business & Finance }}{{cite conference

|first1=William Scott |last1=Meddaugh |first2=Stewart |last2=Griest |first3=David Lee |last3=Barge |publication-place=Manama, Bahrain |conference=SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference |title=Quantifying Uncertainty in Carbonate Reservoirs – Humma Marrat Reservoir, Partitioned Neutral Zone (PNZ), Saudi Arabia and Kuwait |doi=10.2118/120102-MS |url=https://www.onepetro.org/SPEMEOS/proceedings-abstract/09MEOS/All-09MEOS/SPE-120102-MS/148009 |editor1-first=Michelle |editor1-last=Tan |editor2-first=Michelle |editor2-last=Boyd |editor3-first=Glenda |editor3-last=Smith |editor4-first=Mark A. |editor4-last=Rubin |volume=XVI |isbn=978-1-55563-215-1 |publisher=Society of Petroleum Engineers |date=15 March 2009 |access-date=9 July 2021 |language=English |via=OnePetro |editor5-first=Leo |editor5-last=Roodhart

}}

In December 2022, Saudi Aramco and Kuwait Gulf Oil Company signed a Memorandum of Understanding to jointly develop the Durra gas field, located in the neutral zone. The development aims at producing {{convert|280000000|m3}} of natural gas and 84,000 barrels of LNG per day.{{Cite news |date=2022-12-11 |title=Aramco Gulf Operations, Kuwait's KGOC agree to develop Durra gas field, Saudi news agency reports |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/aramco-gulf-operations-kuwait-gulf-oil-company-sign-mou-develop-durra-gas-field-2022-12-11/ |access-date=2022-12-15}}