Savva Morozov
{{distinguish|Savva Vasilyevich Morozov}}
{{Short description|Russian textile magnate and philanthropist}}
{{EngvarB|date= February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
File:Морозов Савва Тимофеевич (1862-1905) ; (eng.-Morozov Savva Timofeevich).jpg
Savva Timofeyevich Morozov ({{langx|ru|link=no|Са́вва Тимофе́евич Моро́зов}}, {{OldStyleDate|15 February|1862|3 February}}, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Bogorodsky Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire – {{OldStyleDate|26 May|1905|13 May}}, Cannes, France) was a Russian textile magnate and philanthropist. Established by Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770–1862), the Morozov family was the fifth-richest in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.{{cite news | last = Гаков | first = Владимир | title = Старые русские: Бакинские нефтяники, первый дилер Ford и Борис Абрамович – среди 30 богатейших людей и семей России 1900–1914 годов | url = http://www.forbes.ru/forbes/issue/2005-05/19949-starye-russkie | trans-title = Old Russians: Baku oil, the first Ford dealer and Boris Abramovich – among the 30 richest individuals and families in Russia in 1900–1914 | language = Russian | magazine = Forbes | location = Moscow | date = 3 May 2005 | accessdate = 11 May 2016}}{{cite web|title=Миллионщики |url=http://www.forbes.ru/article/19960-millionshchiki |trans-title= Millionaires |language= Russian |magazine= Forbes |location= Moscow |date= 22 October 2009 |accessdate= 11 May 2016 |url-status= unfit |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110316114920/http://www.forbes.ru/article/19960-millionshchiki |archivedate= 16 March 2011 }}
File:StariyGorod OZ.jpg along ulitsa Lenina]]
Biography
Savva Timofeyevich Morozov came from an Old Believer merchant family which held the hereditary civil rank of honorary citizens ({{langx|ru| Почётные граждане}}). His father was Timofei Savvich Morozov, his mother Maria Feodorovna Morozova. This gave him freedom from conscription, freedom from corporal punishment, and freedom from taxation ({{langx|ru| Подушный оклад}}).{{efn|Before the introduction of income-tax levies in the twentieth century, the Tsarist autocracy levied a poll tax censuses to finance the Imperial Russian Army.}} He grew up at the Morozov house at Trehsvyatitelskaya Lane 1-3c1 ({{langx|ru|Большой Трёхсвятительский переулок}}) on Ivanovo Hill ({{langx|ru| Ивановская горка}}) in the White City ({{langx|ru|Белый город}}), now the boulevards, of Moscow. He attended the nearby gymnasium at Pokrovsky Gates. His family home was the most expensive home in Moscow and its Morozov gardens ({{langx|ru| Морозовский сад}}) became a favourite haunt of Sergey Aksakov, F. Dostoevsky, A. Ostrovsky, L. Tolstoy, and P. Tchaikovsky.{{cite web | title = Прощай, любимый город! (из Советский физик) | url = http://www.phys.msu.ru/rus/about/sovphys/ISSUES-2004/1%2837%29-2004/proschai/ | language = Russian | trans-title = Farewell, beloved city! (from Soviet Physicist) | location = Moscow | publisher = Moscow State University, M V Lomonosov (physics) department | accessdate = 14 May 2016}} He later studied physics and mathematics at Moscow University (1885) where he wrote a study on dye and met Mendeleev. Beginning on 7 January 1885, at 10 o'clock in the morning, textile workers at the Morozov factories in Bogorodsk, especially Orekhovo-Zuyevo, went on strike for several weeks ({{Ill|Morozov strike|ru|Морозовская_стачка}}). In 1885–1887 he studied chemistry at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. While in England he studied the structure of the textile industry in Great Britain, especially in Manchester.{{cite book | last = Лизунов | first = Владимир С. | title = Минувшее проходит предо мною | url = http://bogorodsk-noginsk.ru/atlas/24_lizunov.html | trans-title = The Past Is Held in Front of Me | language = Russian | publisher = Богородское краеведение (Bogorodskoye District Studies) | location = Орехово-Зуево (Orekhovo-Zuyevo) | date = 1995 | accessdate = 12 May 2016}}
File:Morozova Palace (Spiridonovka).jpg
Savva Morozov married his second-cousin's former wife Zinaida Grigorievna, née Zimin ({{langx|ru|link= no|Зинаида Григорьевна Зимина}}).[http://www.vor.ru/English/whims/whims_069.html Whims of Fate]{{dead link|date= May 2018 |bot= InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted= yes }}. Retrieved 17 May 2009{{efn|Zinaida's first husband was Sergei Vikulovich Morozov ({{langx|ru|link= no| Сергей Викулович Морозов}}), the third son of Savva's first cousin Vikula Eliseevich Morozov ({{langx|ru|link=no|Викула Елисеевич Морозов}}, 1860-1921).}} They hosted lavish parties and balls which many distinguished Russians and Moscovites attended including Savva Mamontov, Botkin, Feodor Chaliapin, Maxim Gorky, Anton Chekhov, Konstantin Stanislavski, Pyotr Boborykin, and others. Olga Knipper recalled one of these balls: "I had to go to the ball at Morozova: I've never seen such luxury and wealth."
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Morozov was the largest shareholder of the Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) under Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko.{{cite book | first1 = Yuri | last1 = Felshtinsky | first2 = Alexander | last2 = Litvinenko | author-link = Yuri Felshtinsky | author-link2= Alexander Litvinenko | title = Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924 | publisher = Enigma Books | location = New York | isbn = 9781929631957 | date = 26 October 2010}}{{cite book | editor-last = Benedetti | editor-first = Jean | title = The Moscow Art Theatre Letters | location = New York | publisher = Routledge | date = 1991 | isbn = 9780878300846}}{{cite journal | last = Орлов | first = Юрий | title = Экономика Московского Художественного театра 1898—1914 годов: к вопросу о самоокупаемости частных театров | url = http://www.strana-oz.ru/2005/4/ekonomika-moskovskogo-hudozhestvennogo-teatra-1898-1914-godov-k-voprosu-o-samookupaemosti-chastnyh-teatrov | language = Russian | trans-title = Economics of the Moscow Art Theatre's 1898–1914: the issue of self-financing private theaters | journal = Отечественные записки | volume = 4 | number = 25 | year = 2005 | accessdate = 16 May 2016}} During the summer of 1902, with participation of both Ivan Fomin and Alexander Galetsky, Savva funded Schechtel's improvements to the Lianozov-owned{{efn|The Lianozovs were caviar- and fish-magnates with exclusive rights from Persia to the fisheries of the southern Caspian Sea. Later, after the founding of Baku Oil in 1907, the Lianozov family were the 23rd-richest family in Russia before World War I.}} theatre built in 1890 at Kamergersky Lane 3 in Tverskoy. The renovations incorporated Anna Golubkina's high-relief plaster of The Wave above the right entrance of the theatre.{{cite book | last = Голубкина | first = Анна Семёновна | title = Несколько слов о ремесле скульптора | language = Russian | trans-title = A few words about the sculptor's craft | location = Moscow | publisher = Издательство М. и С. Сабашниковых | date = 1923}}{{cite work | editor-last = Румянцев | editor-first = Вячеслав | title = Голубкина Анна Семеновна (1864–1927): БИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ | url = http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_g/golubkina_as.php | language = Russian | trans-title = Golubkina Anna Semyonovna (1864–1927) BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX | accessdate = 16 May 2016}} In 1903 he funded the electrification of the theatre with its own electrical power station, and added another small stage which is isolated from the main building to allow full rehearsals during performances on the main stage. All of this made the MAT the most advanced theatre in Russia. For the fifth and sixth seasons (1902–04), Morozov funded the entire cost of the equipment and the operating costs of the building, too. This new theatre had seating for 1200 (a third more than the older building) and greatly enhanced MAT's profitability. However, the rent increased for the seventh season (1904–05) and Morozov ceased paying for the leasehold and the operating cost. He would only pay back the principal for the cost of the improvements, which took 9 years. When Gorky's Summerfolk was not well received by Nemirovich-Danchenko and Stanislavski, Gorky left the theatre and Morozov followed.
Influenced by Maxim Gorky, Morozov and his relative Nikolai Pavlovich Schmidt{{efn|Schmidt was the son of Pavel Alexandrovich Schmidt ({{langx|ru|link= no|Павел Александрович Шмит}}) and of Savva's sister, Vera Vikulovna Morozova ({{langx|ru|link=no|Вера Викуловна Морозова}}).}} were significant financial contributors to the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, including making payments to the newspaper Iskra.{{Citation
|publisher = Studia Historica 48
|isbn = 951-710-008-6
|ol = 25433417M
|location = Helsinki
|title = The Party of Unbelief
|author = Arto Luukkanen
|date = 1994
|oclc = 832629341
|author-link = Arto Luukkanen
|publisher = Enigma Books
|isbn = 9781929631629
|location = New York
|title = The Murder of Maxim Gorky: A Secret Execution
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-IU0ukrgeFgC&q=morozov+schmit&pg=PA1869
|last = Vaksberg
|first = Arkady
|language = Russian
|author-link = Arkady Vaksberg
|date = 2007
|translator-last = Bludeau
|translator-first = Todd
}}
According to the author Suzanne Massie, writing in Land of the Firebird, Morozov had approached his mother and family matriarch about introducing profit-sharing with factory workers - one of the first industrialists to propose such an idea. His mother angrily removed Savva from the family business, and one month later the apparently despondent Morozov shot himself while in the south of France. Morozov died from a gunshot wound in Cannes, France. His death was officially ruled a suicide but various murder theories exist.{{efn| Yuri Felshtinsky identifies Leonid Krasin as the most likely assassin of Morozov.}}
Gallery
File:Moscow, Tryohsvyatitelsky 1.jpg|Morozov house at Trehsvyatitelskaya Lane 1-3c1
File:Морозовский сад. 2009 год.01.jpg|Morozov house from the garden
File:Moscow, B Tryohsvyatitelsky Lane 1-3c1 2011 2.JPG|Another view of Morozov house
File:Морозовский сад. 2009 год.02.jpg|View of the Morozov gardens from the Ukraintseva Chamber ({{langx|ru|Палаты Украинцева}})
File:Moscow Chekhov Art Theatre 03-2016.jpg|The Moscow Art Theatre, Kamergersky Lane 3, with exterior by Fyodor Schechtel
File:Schechtel mkhat doors.jpg|Anna Golubkina's The Wave on Kamergersky Lane above the right entrance of the Moscow Art Theatre
Notes
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References
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Category:People from Orekhovo-Zuyevo
Category:People from Bogorodsky Uyezd
Category:19th-century businesspeople from the Russian Empire
Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire
Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Category:Russian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Category:Suicides by firearm in France
Category:19th-century philanthropists