Sayings of Jesus on the cross#Luke 23:34

{{Short description|Seven expressions of Jesus during his crucifixion}}

File:Brooklyn Museum - What Our Lord Saw from the Cross (Ce que voyait Notre-Seigneur sur la Croix) - James Tissot.jpg by James Tissot, {{circa}} 1890]]

The sayings of Jesus on the cross (sometimes called the Seven Last Words from the Cross) are seven expressions biblically attributed to Jesus during his crucifixion. Traditionally, the brief sayings have been called "words".

The seven sayings are gathered from the four canonical gospels.{{cite book |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Bromiley |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 4 |publisher=Eerdmans Press |date=1988 |isbn=0-8028-3784-0 |page=426}}{{cite book |first=Joseph F. |last=Kelly |title=An Introduction to the New Testament for Catholics |publisher=Liturgical Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-8146-5216-9 |page=153}} In Matthew and Mark, Jesus cries out to God. In Luke, he forgives his killers, reassures the penitent thief, and commends his spirit to the Father. In John, he speaks to his mother, says he thirsts, and declares the end of his earthly life. This is an example of the Christian approach to the construction of a gospel harmony, in which material from different gospels is combined, producing an account that goes beyond each gospel.{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman |title=Jesus, Interrupted |publisher=HarperCollins |date=2009 |pages=69–70 |isbn=978-0-06-117393-6}}

Since the 16th century, these sayings have been widely used in sermons on Good Friday, and entire books have been written on theological analysis of them.{{cite book |title=Jesus of Nazareth |first=W. |last=McCrocklin |date=2006 |publisher=Xulon Press |isbn=1-59781-863-1 |page=134}} The Seven Last Words from the Cross are an integral part of the liturgy in the Catholic, Protestant, and other Christian traditions.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHz5czNrWlYC&pg=PA191|title=Echoes from Calvary, Volume 1|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=190–191|quote=Interestingly, the Methodist Book of Worship adopted by the General Conference of 1964 presented two services for Good Friday: a Three Hours' Service for the afternoon and a Good Friday evening service that includes the "Adoration at the Cross" (the Gospel, Deprecations, and Adoration of the Cross) but omits a communion service, which would be the Methodist equivalent of the Mass of the Presanctified.|first=Richard |last=Young|isbn=978-0742543843}}{{cite book|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn52i3&view=1up&seq=67&skin=2021 |title=The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 13|year=1919 |chapter=Good Friday |publisher=The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation |page=51 |via=HathiTrust Digital Library |quote=The 'Three Hours' Devotion, borrowed from Roman usage, with meditation on the 'seven last words' from the Cross, and held from 12 till 3, when our Lord hung on the Cross, is a service of Good Friday that meets with increasing acceptance among the Anglicans.}} Several composers have set the sayings to music.

Overview

In the following table, the seven sayings are arranged according to their traditional order.{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Majernik |title=The Synoptics |publisher=Emmaus Road Press |date=2005 |isbn=1-931018-31-6 |page=190}} However, all seven sayings cannot be found in any one account of Jesus' crucifixion. The ordering is a harmonisation of the texts from each of the four canonical gospels. Three of the sayings appear only in Luke and three only in John. One other saying appears both in Matthew and Mark, and another ("It is finished") is only directly quoted in John but alluded to in Matthew and Mark.{{cite book |last=Holden |first=Leslie |title=Jesus: The Complete Guide |date=2006 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=0-8264-8011-X |page=627}}

class="wikitable"

|+Sayings of Jesus on the cross

!Original Greek

!King James translation

!Matthew

!Mark

!Luke

!John

!Theological interpretations

|Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.

|23:34

|Forgiveness

{{Lang|grc|Ἀμήν σοι λέγω, σήμερον μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ}}

|Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise.

|23:43

|Salvation

|Woman, behold thy son! and Behold thy mother!

|19:26–27

|Relationship

{{Lang|grc|ἔστιν θεέ μου θεέ μου ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες
and
ὁ θεός μου ὁ θεός μου εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπές με}}

|My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?

|27:46

|15:34

|Abandonment

|I thirst.

|19:28

|Distress

|It is finished.

|19:30

|Triumph

|Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.

|23:46

|Reunion

The sayings form part of the Stations of the Cross, a Christian meditation that is often used during Lent, Holy Week and Good Friday.

The Dominican author Timothy Radcliffe sees the number seven as significant, as the number of perfection in the Bible. He writes that as God created the world in seven days, "these seven words belong to God's completion of that creation".{{cite book |first=Timothy |last=Radcliffe |date=2005 |title=Seven Last Words |publisher=Burns & Oates |isbn=0-86012-397-9 |page=11}}

=Historicity=

James Dunn considers the seven sayings weakly rooted in tradition and sees them as a part of the elaborations in the diverse retellings of Jesus' final hours.{{cite book |first=James G. D. |last=Dunn |title=Jesus Remembered |publisher=Eerdmans |date=2003 |pages=779–781 |isbn=0802839312}} He does, however, argue in favour of the authenticity of the Mark/Matthew saying, in which Jesus seems to describe himself as forsaken by God. This would have been an embarrassment to the early Church, and hence would likely not have been invented. Leslie Houlden suggests that Luke may have deliberately excluded this saying from his gospel because it did not fit in with the model of Jesus he was presenting.{{cite book |title=Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |first=Leslie |last=Houlden |date=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-856-6 |page=645}}

Michael Licona suggests that John has redacted Jesus' authentic statements as recorded in Matthew, Mark and Luke. Where Matthew and Mark have Jesus quote Psalm 22:1, John records that "in order that the Scripture may be fulfilled, Jesus said, 'I am thirsty'." Jesus' final words as recorded in Luke are simplified in John into "It is finished."Michael R. Licona, Why Are There Differences in the Gospels? What We Can Learn from Ancient Biography (Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 165–166.

The seven sayings

= 1. {{anchor|Luke 23:34}}Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do =

{{bq|text=Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.|source=Luke 23:34{{bibleverse|Luke|23:34|KJV}}}}

This first saying of Jesus on the cross is traditionally called "The Word of Forgiveness". It is theologically interpreted as Jesus' prayer for forgiveness for the Roman soldiers who were crucifying him and all others who were involved in his crucifixion.{{cite book |last=Robbins |first=Vernon K. |authorlink=Vernon K. Robbins |chapter=From Enthymeme to Theology in Luke 11:1–13 |title=Literary Studies in Luke-Acts |editor-first=Richard P. |editor-last=Thompson |date=1998 |isbn=0-86554-563-4 |pages=200–01|publisher=Mercer University Press }}{{cite book |chapter=Passion Narrative |last=McWilliams |first=Warren |title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible |editor-first1=W. E. |editor-last1=Mills |editor-first2=R. A. |editor-last2=Bullard |date=1998 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=0-86554-373-9 |page=648}}{{cite book |title=Reading Luke-Acts: Dynamics of Biblical Narrative |first=William S. |last=Kurz |date=1993 |isbn=0-664-25441-1 |publisher=John Knox Press |page=201}}{{cite book |title=Luke's Presentation of Jesus: A Christology |last=O'Toole |first=Robert F. |date=2004 |isbn=88-7653-625-6 |publisher=Pontifical Biblical Institute |page=215}}

Some early manuscripts do not include this sentence in Luke 23:34.{{cite book |first1=Steven L. |last1=Cox |first2=Kendell H. |last2=Easley |date=2007 |title=Harmony of the Gospels |publisher=Holman Bible Publishers |isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0 |page=234}} Biblical scholars such as Bart Ehrman have argued that the words were omitted by some scribes because of anti-Judaic sentiment around the second century.{{cite web |url=https://ehrmanblog.org/did-jesus-pray-father-forgive-them-from-the-cross |title=Did Jesus Pray 'Father Forgive Them' from the Cross?|last=Ehrman |first=Bart |date=March 24, 2019 |website=The Bart Ehrman Blog}}

= 2. {{anchor|Luke 23:43}}{{not a typo|To day}} shalt thou be with me in paradise =

{{bq|text=And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, {{not a typo|To day}} shalt thou be with me in paradise. |source=Luke 23:43{{bibleverse|Luke|23:43|KJV}}}}

This saying is traditionally called "The Word of Salvation". According to the Gospel of Luke, Jesus was crucified between two thieves (traditionally named Dismas and Gestas), one of whom supports Jesus' innocence and asks him to remember him when he comes into his kingdom. Jesus replies, "Verily I say unto thee..." ({{langx|grc|ἀμήν λέγω σοί|amēn legō soi|label=none}}), followed with the only appearance of the word "Paradise" in the gospels ({{langx|grc|παραδείσω|paradeisō|label=none}}, originally from Persian {{transliteration|fa|pairidaeza}}, "paradise garden").

A seemingly simple change in punctuation in this saying has been the subject of doctrinal differences among Christian groups, given the lack of punctuation in the original Greek texts.{{cite book |title=The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism |editor-first1=J. |editor-last1=Buckley |editor-first2=F. C. |editor-last2=Bauerschmidt |editor-first3=T. |editor-last3=Pomplun |year=2010 |chapter=The Early Church |last=Christman |first=A. R. |isbn=978-1-4443-3732-7 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=48}} Catholics and most Protestant Christians usually use a version which reads "today you will be with me in Paradise". This reading assumes a direct voyage to Heaven and has no implications of purgatory. On the other hand, some Protestants who believe in soul sleep have used a reading which emphasizes "I say to you today", leaving open the possibility that the statement was made today, but arrival in Heaven may be later.

= 3. {{anchor|John 19:26-27}}Woman, behold, thy son! Behold, thy mother! =

File:N-s-dos-passos-19.jpg with the Virgin Mary, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 19th century]]

{{bq|text=When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son! Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home. |source=John 19:26–27{{bibleverse|John|19:26–27|KJV}}}}

This statement is traditionally called "The Word of Relationship" and in it Jesus entrusts Mary, his mother, into the care of "the disciple whom Jesus loved".

Jesus also addresses his mother as "woman" in John 2:4.{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/john/2-4.htm |title=John 2:4 |publisher=Bible Hub |accessdate=16 September 2021}} Although this sounds dismissive in English, the Greek word is a term of respect or tenderness.{{cite book |last=Brownrigg |first=Ronald |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcuAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title=Who's Who in the New Testament |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=201|isbn=9781134509508 }}{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |title=The Gospel According to John (i–xii) |date=1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0001unse/page/98/mode/2up |publisher=Doubleday & Company |series=The Anchor Bible |page=99 |url-access=registration |isbn=0385015178}} Catholic commentators, on the basis of these two passages, often connect Mary with the "woman" of Genesis 3:15, and the "woman clothed with the sun" in Revelation 12, and therefore see this title of "woman" as a justification for the veneration of Mary as a second Eve.{{harvnb|Brown|1966|pages=107–109}}

=4. {{anchor|Matthew 27:46|Mark 15:34}}My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?=

{{bq|text=And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? |source=Mark 15:34{{bibleverse|Mark|15:34|KJV}}}}

{{bq|text=And the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? |source=Matthew 27:46{{bibleverse|Matthew|27:46|KJV}}}}

This saying, traditionally called “The Word of Abandonment”, is only one that appears in more than one gospel. In both accounts, the words spoken by Jesus have been transliterated from Aramaic into Greek, and there are slight differences between the two versions (Mark: {{lang|grc|Ἐλωΐ, Ἐλωΐ, λαμὰ σαβαχθανί}}; Matthew: {{lang|grc|Ἠλί, Ἠλί, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί}}). In both cases, σαβαχθανί seems to be the Greek transliteration of Aramaic שבקתני šəḇaqtanī, meaning "forsaken me".

Both versions can be said to be in Aramaic rather than in closely related Hebrew because of the verb {{Script/Hebrew|שבק}} (šbq) "abandon", which exists only in Aramaic.Greenspahn, Frederick E. 2003. An introduction to Aramaic. P.25Davies, William D. and Dale C. Allison. 1997. Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew. Vol. III. p. 624 The Hebrew counterpart to this word, {{Script/Hebrew|עזב}} (zb), is seen in the second line of the Old Testament's Psalm 22, which the saying appears to quote. Thus, Jesus is not quoting the canonical Hebrew version (ēlī ēlī lāmā 'azabtānī), attributed in some Jewish interpretations to King David himself, but rather the version in an Aramaic Targum (translation of the Bible). Surviving Aramaic Targums do use the verb šbq in their translations of the Psalm 22.[http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/index.htm The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419164259/http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/index.htm|date=2010-04-19}}

[http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/get_a_chapter?file=81002&sub=022&cset=H Targum Psalms 22] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144121/http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/get_a_chapter?file=81002&sub=022&cset=H|date=2014-04-13}} Hebrew Union College –Jewish Institute of Religion

In the next verse, in both accounts, some who hear Jesus' cry imagine that he is calling for help from Elijah (Ēlīyā in Aramaic).

The Aramaic word form שבקתני šəḇaqtanī is based on the verb šǝḇaq/šāḇaq, 'to allow, to permit, to forgive, and to forsake', with the perfect tense ending -t (2nd person singular: 'you'), and the object suffix -anī (1st person singular: 'me').

In Hebrew, the saying would be "{{Script/Hebrew|אֵלִי אֵלִי, לָמָה עֲזַבְתָּנִי}}" (ēlī ēlī, lāmā 'azabtānī in Biblical Hebrew, eli eli lama azavtani in Modern Hebrew pronunciation), while the Syriac-Aramaic phrase according to the Peshitta would be {{langx|syr|ܐܝܠܝ ܐܝܠܝ ܠܡܐ ܫܒܩܬܢܝ|translit=ʔēl ʔēl lǝmā šǝḇaqtān}} (Matthew 27:46) or {{langx|syr|ܐܠܗܝ ܐܠܗܝ ܠܡܢܐ ܫܒܩܬܢܝ|translit=ʾalāh ʾalāh lǝmānā šǝḇaqtān}} (Mark 15:34).

This saying is taken by some as an abandonment of the Son by the Father. Another interpretation holds that at the moment when Jesus took upon himself the sins of humanity, the Father had to turn away from the Son because the Father is "of purer eyes than to see evil and cannot look at wrong" (ESV).{{cite web |title=Habakkuk 1:13 |url=https://biblehub.com/habakkuk/1-13.htm |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Bible Hub}} Other theologians understand the cry as that of one who was truly human and who felt forsaken. Put to death by his foes, very largely deserted by his friends, he may have also felt deserted by God.{{cite book |last=Conner |first=W. T. |title=The Cross in the New Testament |date=1954 |publisher=Broadman Press |location=Nashville, TN |page=34 |oclc=2882455}}

Others see these words in the context of Psalm 22 and suggest that Jesus recited these words, perhaps even the whole psalm, "that he might show himself to be the very Being to whom the words refer; so that the Jewish scribes and people might examine and see the cause why he would not descend from the cross; namely, because this very psalm showed that it was appointed that he should suffer these things."{{cite web |title=Pulpit Commentary – Mark 15:34 |url=http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/mark/15.htm |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Bible Hub}}

=5. {{anchor|John 19:28}}I thirst=

{{bq |text=After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst. |source=John 19:28{{bibleverse|John|19:28|KJV}}}}

This statement is traditionally called "The Word of Distress" and is compared and contrasted with the encounter of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at the well in John 4.

Only John records this saying, but all four gospels relate that Jesus was offered a drink of sour wine (possibly posca). In Mark and Matthew, a sponge was soaked in the wine and lifted up to Jesus on a reed; John says the same, but states that the sponge was affixed to a hyssop branch. This may have been intended as symbolically significant, as hyssop branches are often mentioned in the Old Testament in the context of the use of sacrificial blood for ritual purification.{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Adam |title=24 Hours That Changed the World |publisher=Abingdon Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-687-46555-2 |page=111 |quote=Once again we find John using a small detail to point to something of deeper significance. God had commanded that hyssop branches be used to sprinkle the blood of the Passover lamb above the doors of the dwellings of the Israelites when the firstborn of the Egyptians were killed (Exodus 12:22). It was hyssop wrapped in yarn that was used to sprinkle blood and water upon the lepers (Leviticus 14) and on the ceremonially unclean (Numbers 19) so that they might be made clean again. When David offered his prayer of confession in Psalm 51, he cried out to God, 'Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean' (verse 7); and the writer of Hebrews notes that after Moses gave the people the commandments, 'he took the blood of calves and goats, with water and scarlet wool and hyssop, and sprinkled both the scroll itself and all the people, saying, "This is the blood of the covenant that God has ordained for you.{{" '}} (Hebrews 9:19–20).}}

This statement of Jesus is interpreted by John as fulfilment of the prophecy given in Psalm 69:21, "in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink";{{cite web |last=Nicoll |first=W. R. |authorlink=William Robertson Nicoll |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/egt/john/19.htm |title=Expositor's Greek Testament – John 19 |publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=15 May 2020}} hence the quotation from John's gospel includes the comment "that the scripture might be fulfilled". The Jerusalem Bible cross-references Psalm 22:15: "my palate is drier than a potsherd, and my tongue is stuck to my jaw".{{cite book |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Alexander |title=The Jerusalem Bible |url=https://archive.org/details/thejerusalembible1966/page/n1749/mode/2up |date=1966 |at=John 19:28 |publisher=Darton, Longman & Todd}}

=6. {{anchor|John 19:30}}It is finished=

File:Miguel Angel Crucifixion La Redonda Logrono Spain.jpg: Crucifixion of Christ, 1540]]

{{bq |text=When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. |source=John 19:30{{bibleverse|John|19:30|KJV}}}}

This statement is traditionally called "The Word of Triumph" and is theologically interpreted as the announcement of the end of the earthly life of Jesus, in anticipation for the Resurrection.

The Greek word translated "It is finished" is {{transliteration|grc|tetelestai}} ({{lang|grc|τετέλεσται}}).{{cite web |url=https://bible.org/question/what-does-greek-word-tetelestai-mean |title=What does the Greek word 'tetelestai' mean? |publisher=Bible.org |access-date=12 September 2021}} The verse has also been translated as "It is consummated."{{cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/drb/john/19.htm |title=Douay-Rheims Bible – John 19:30|quote=Jesus therefore, when he had taken the vinegar, said: It is consummated. And bowing his head, he gave up the ghost.|publisher=Bible Hub |access-date=12 September 2021}}

The utterance after consuming the beverage and immediately before death is mentioned, but not explicitly quoted, in Mark 15:37 and Matthew 27:50 (both of which state that Jesus "cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost").

= 7. {{anchor|Luke 23:46}}Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit =

{{bq |text=And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost. |source=Luke 23:46{{bibleverse|Luke|23:46|KJV}}}}

From Psalm 31:5, this saying, which is an announcement and not a request, is traditionally called "The Word of Reunion" and is theologically interpreted as the proclamation of Jesus joining God the Father in Heaven.

The words of Luke 23:46, or the fuller Psalm 31:5, have subsequently been attributed as last words of famous people, especially those considered pious Christians, such as martyrs or saints.{{cite journal |title=A Wonderful Prayer |journal=The Christian Treasury |date=1879 |volume=35 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA117 |publisher=Johnstone, Hunter |location=Edinburgh |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Augustus Charles |title=Seeds and Sheaves: Or, Words of Scripture; Their History and Fruits |date=1869 |publisher=Gould and Lincoln |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDdoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA282 |pages=282–284 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Lockyer |first1=Herbert |title=Psalms: A Devotional Commentary |date=1993 |publisher=Kregel Publications |isbn=978-0-8254-9742-1 |pages=118–124 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08MSVzXA_Z8C&pg=PA118 |language=en |chapter=Psalm 31}} These include

Philip the Apostle (died AD 80),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/50 p. 48] Basil the Great (AD 379),Butler 1866, [https://www.bartleby.com/210/6/141.html June 14] Charlemagne (died 814),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/85 p. 83] Ansgar (865),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/54 p. 52] Thomas Becket (1170),{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=John |authorlink=John Morris (Jesuit) |title=The Life and Martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket |date=1859 |page=331 |location=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA331 |language=en}} Jan Hus (1415),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/149 p. 147]{{cite book |last1=Wratislaw |first1=Albert Henry |authorlink=Albert Henry Wratislaw |title=John Hus: The Commencement of Resistance to Papal Authority on the Part of the Inferior Clergy |date=1882 |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-0-7905-6158-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA332 |language=en}} Christopher Columbus (1506),{{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=John Stevens Cabot |authorlink=John Stevens Cabot Abbott |title=The Life of Christopher Columbus |date=1875 |publisher=Dodd & Mead |isbn=978-0-7222-8370-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA344 |language=en}} Ludovica Albertoni (1533),{{cite book |last1=Perlove |first1=Shelley Karen |title=Bernini and the Idealization of Death: The Blessed Ludovica Albertoni and the Altieri Chapel |date=1990 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-00684-0 |page=39 |language=en}} Martin Luther (1546),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/75 p. 73] George Wishart (1546),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/177 p. 175] Lady Jane Grey (1554),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/87 p. 85] her father Henry, Duke of Suffolk (1555), Thomas of Villanova (1555),Butler 1866, [https://www.bartleby.com/210/9/181.html September 18] Mary, Queen of Scots (1587),{{cite book |last1=Carruthers |first1=James |authorlink=James Carruthers |title=The History of Scotland: During the Life of Queen Mary, and Until the Accession of Her Son James to the Crown of England |date=1831 |location=Edinburgh |page=453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgT_Sx5r8nYC&pg=PA453 |language=en}} Aloysius Gonzaga (1591),Butler 1866, [https://www.bartleby.com/210/6/211.html June 21] Torquato Tasso (1595), Turibius of Mogrovejo (1606),Butler 1866, [https://www.bartleby.com/210/3/231.html March 23] John Bruen (1625),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/168 p. 166] George Herbert (1633),Lockyer 1975 [https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock/page/109 p. 107] Covenanters including Hugh Mackail (1666) and James Renwick (1688), and Christian Friedrich Schwarz (1798).{{cite book |last1=Germann |first1=Wilhelm |authorlink=Wilhelm Germann |title=Missionar Christian Friedrich Schwartz: sein Leben und Wirken aus Briefen des Halleschen Missionsarchivs |date=1870 |publisher=Andreas Deichert |location=Erlangen |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKBSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA381 |language=de |quote=In deine Hände befehle ich meinen Geist, du hast mich erlöset, du getreuer Gott!}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |author1-link=Alban Butler |title=The Lives of the Saints |date=1866 |via=Bartleby.com |publisher=James Duffy |location=Dublin |url=https://www.bartleby.com/210/}}
{{cite book |last1=Lockyer |first1=Herbert |author1-link=Herbert Lockyer |title=Last words of saints and sinners |date=1975 |location=Grand Rapids, Mich. |publisher=Kregel Publications |isbn=978-0-8254-3102-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/lastwordsofsaint00lock |url-access=registration}}