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Scabiosa

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Scabiosa columbaria Pink Mist.jpg

|image_caption = Scabiosa columbaria 'Pink Mist'

|taxon = Scabiosa

|authority = L., nom cons.

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = See Species section.

|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true

|title={{small|Synonymy}}

|Acura {{small|Hill}}

|Anisodens {{small|Dulac}}

|Asterocephalus {{small|Zinn}}

|Astrocephalus {{small|Raf., orth. var.}}

|Chetastrum {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}

|Columbaria {{small|J.Presl & C.Presl}}

|Cyrtostemma {{small|(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Spach}}

|Euptilia {{small|Raf.}}

|Gonokeros {{small|Raf.}}

|Pentena {{small|Raf.}}

|Scabiosella {{small|Tiegh.}}

|Sclerostemma {{small|Schott}}

|Sixalix {{small|Raf.}}

|Spongostemma {{small|(Rchb.) Rchb.}}

|Trichopteris {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}

|Trochocephalus {{small|(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Opiz}}

}}

|synonyms_ref = [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 Scabiosa L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130646/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |date=2023-05-29 }} Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

}}

Scabiosa {{IPAc-en|s|k|eɪ|b|i|ˈ|oʊ|s|ə}}Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 is a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) of flowering plants.{{citation |title=Scabiosa |work=The Plant List (version 1.1) |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Scabiosa/ |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231113/http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Scabiosa/ |url-status=live }} Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious, but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as Knautia and Succisa; at least some of these were formerly placed in Scabiosa. Another common name for members of this genus is pincushion flowers.

Etymology

The common name 'scabious' comes the Latin word scabiosus meaning 'mangy, rough or itchy' which refers to the herb's traditional usage as a folk medicine to treat scabies, an illness that causes a severe itching sensation.Umberto Quattrocchi {{google books|zIOvJSJs-IkC|CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms ... (1999)|page=239}}

Description

Some species of Scabiosa are annuals, others perennials. Some are herbaceous plants; others have woody rootstocks. The leaves of most species are somewhat hairy and partly divided into lobes, but a few are smooth and some species have simple leaves. The flowers are borne on inflorescences in the form of heads; each head contains many small florets, each floret cupped in a membranous, saucer-shaped bract. The calyx has five sepals in the form of awns almost as long as the petals. After the flowers have dropped, the calyces together with the bracts form a spiky ball that may be the reason for the "pincushion" common name. The calyx is persistent and remains as a crown on the fruit after it is shed. The corolla has four to five lobes fringing a narrow funnel with a furry throat, the funnel being somewhat longer than the lobes. The florets have four stamens each, set high in the tube, and sticking out. Each fruit has just one seed.

In a few species the heads are sessile but in most species they are borne singly on a tall peduncle.

Scabiosa species and varieties differ in the colours of their flowers, but most are soft lavender blue, lilac or creamy white.

Taxonomy

File:Scabiosa atropurpurea maritima "pincushion flowers".jpg

File:Pincushion flower -- Scabiosa.jpg

File:Scabiosa ochroleuca RF.jpg

It was first published in Species Plantarum on page 98 in 1753.

=Species=

As accepted by Plants of the World Online;{{cite web |title=Scabiosa L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130646/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |url-status=live }}

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Distribution

Members of this genus are native to Africa, Europe and Asia. Some species of Scabiosa, notably small scabious (S. columbaria) and Mediterranean sweet scabious (S. atropurpurea) have been developed into cultivars for gardeners.

In 1782, a mysterious pale yellow scabious, called "Scabiosa trenta", was described by Belsazar Hacquet, an Austrian physician, botanist, and mountaineer, in his work Plantae alpinae Carniolicae. It became a great source of inspiration for later botanists and mountaineers discovering the Julian Alps, especially Julius Kugy. The Austrian botanist Anton Kerner von Marilaun later proved Belsazar Hacquet had not found a new species, but a specimen of the already known submediterranean Cephalaria leucantha.{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/pearls_of_the_floral_wealth_of_slovenia/trenta_scabious_scabiosa_trenta/ |author=Nada Praprotnik |title=Trenta Scabious (Scabiosa Trenta) |publisher=Republic of Slovenia: Government Communications Office |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025100/http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/pearls_of_the_floral_wealth_of_slovenia/trenta_scabious_scabiosa_trenta/ |url-status=dead }}

They are found in various habitats such as Scabiosa solymica (formerly named Lomelosia solymica), which is a chasmophyte (a plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows) of montane, sea facing cliffs of the Tahtalı Dağı (mountain) in the western Taurus Mountains, south of Antalya, Turkey.{{cite journal |last1=Parolly |first1=G. |last2=Eren |first2=Ö. |last3=Nordt |first3=B. |title=Lomelosia solymica (Dipsacaceae), a new chasmophyte from the Western Taurus Mts, Turkey. |journal=Willdenowia |date=2005 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.3372/wi.35.35108 |issn=0511-9618 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2005Willd..35..107P }}

Ecology

Scabious flowers are nectar rich and attractive to many insects including butterflies and moths such as the six-spot burnet. Scabiosa species are food plants for the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as the grey pug moth.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

References

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Category:Caprifoliaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus