Scandinavian design

File:Roskilde Svane Apothek 1899.jpg's Swan Apothecary (1899)]]

In 1914, the Danish Selskabet for Dekorativ Kunst (Company for Decorative Arts) launched its {{ill|Skønvirke|da}} (literally "Graceful Work") magazine. Its title became the name of a new Danish style of arts and crafts, both in objects and in architecture, to rival Art Nouveau and Jugendstil.{{cite web |last1=Rekkali |first1=Zeynep |title=Danish Design: The birth, rise, fall and resurrection |url=https://danish.tm/article/danish-design-birth-rise-fall-resurrection/ |publisher=Danish |access-date=3 January 2018}}

From the 1930s, designers such as Alvar Aalto (architecture, furniture, textiles),{{cite web |title=Scandinavian design |url=https://www.scandinavia-design.fr/design-scandinave_en.html |publisher=Scandinavia design |access-date=3 January 2018}} Arne Jacobsen (chairs), Borge Mogensen (furniture), Hans J. Wegner (chairs), Verner Panton (plastic chairs), Poul Henningsen (lamps), and Maija Isola (printed textiles) helped to create a "golden age of Scandinavian design".

Scandinavian textile artists became known for their pile rugs early in the 20th century, while brightly-coloured Scandinavian textiles became popular across the western world after the Second World War.{{cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/scandinavian-textile-design.html |title=Scandinavian Textile Design |publisher=Study.com |access-date=25 November 2020}}{{cite web |url=http://textile-art.com/swe1.html |title=Swedish Textile Art |publisher=Nour Foundation |access-date=25 November 2020}}{{cite web |url=https://natmus.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Editor/natmus/danmarksnyeretid/Dokumenter/Industrikultur/Denmark_textile_history.pdf |title=Denmark: The Textile Industry and the Formation of Modern Industrial Relations |last=Christensen |first=Lars K. |publisher=Nationalmuseet |access-date=25 November 2020}}

The Lunning Prize, awarded to outstanding Scandinavian designers between 1951 and 1970, was instrumental in making Scandinavian design a recognized commodity, and in defining its profile.{{cite web |last1=Krondahl |first1=Hans |title=Tema Lunning Prize winners |url=https://runeberg.org/tema/lunning.html |publisher=Runeberg |access-date=3 January 2018}}

In 1954, the Brooklyn Museum held its "Design in Scandinavia" exhibition, and a fashion for "Scandinavian Modern" furniture began in America.{{sfn|Englund|Schmidt|Wood|2007}}{{sfn|Halén|Wickman|2003}} Scandinavian design is by no means limited to furniture and household goods. It has been applied to industrial design, such as of consumer electronics,{{cite web |last1=Ingdal |first1=Cecilie |title=Let there be light |url=https://www.bang-olufsen.com/en/stories/cecilie-ingdal |publisher=Bang & Olufsen |access-date=3 January 2018}} mobile phones,{{cite web |title=The new old principles of HMD's #Nokia design |url=http://nokiamob.net/2017/08/15/the-new-old-principles-of-hmds-nokia-design/ |publisher=Nokia |access-date=3 January 2018 |date=15 August 2017}} and cars.{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Gavin |title=Designed to Delight |url=https://www.volvocars.com/intl/cars/new-models/xc60/stories/scandinavian-design |publisher=Volvo |access-date=3 January 2018}}

The concept of Scandinavian design has been the subject of scholarly debate, exhibitions and marketing agendas since the 1950s. Many emphasize the democratic design ideals that were a central theme of the movement and are reflected in the rhetoric surrounding contemporary Scandinavian and international design. Others, however, have analyzed the reception of Scandinavian design abroad, seeing in it a form of myth-making and racial politics.{{cite journal |author=Leary, Erin |title='The Total Absence of Foreign Subjects': The Racial Politics of US Interwar Exhibitions of Scandinavian Design |journal=Design and Culture |date=2015 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=283–312|doi=10.1080/17547075.2015.1105711 |s2cid=147058177 }}

File:PH-Lampan 1.jpg (1958 version), Denmark]]

{{main|Danish design}}

Danish Design is a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in mid-20th century. Influenced by the German Bauhaus school, many Danish designers used the new industrial technologies, combined with ideas of simplicity and functionalism to design buildings, furniture and household objects, many of which have become iconic and are still in use and production, such as Arne Jacobsen's 1958 Egg chair{{cite web|title=Egg Chair|url=http://www.aram.co.uk/egg-chair.html|publisher=Aram|access-date=31 December 2017}} and Poul Henningsen's 1926 PH-lamps.{{cite web | url=http://www.visitdenmark.com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/detkulturelledanmark/design/the-ph-lamp.htm | title=The PH lamp | publisher=Visit Denmark | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215054112/http://www.visitdenmark.com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/detkulturelledanmark/design/the-ph-lamp.htm | archive-date=2012-02-15 }} After the Second World War, conditions in Denmark were ideally suited to success in design. The emphasis was on furniture but architecture, silver, ceramics, glass and textiles also benefitted from the trend. Denmark's late industrialisation combined with a tradition of high-quality craftsmanship formed the basis of gradual progress towards industrial production.{{cite web | url=http://www.netpublikationer.dk/UM/8584/pdf/Furniture20and20Indust43D234.pdf | title=Furniture and Industrial Design | publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark| access-date=17 December 2008}}{{-}}

File:Ruska.jpg for Arabia, Finland]]

{{see|Design Forum Finland|Design Museum, Helsinki}}

Finnish design spans clothing, engineering design, furniture, glass, lighting, textiles, and household products.{{cite web |title=Brand Stories | url=https://designfromfinland.com/brand-stories/ | publisher=Finnish Design | access-date=7 May 2014}} Information from pages on each artist on that website. The "Design from Finland" mark was created in 2011.{{cite web |title=About |url=https://designfromfinland.com/about/ |publisher=Design from Finland|access-date=3 January 2018}} Finland's Design Museum (formerly called the Museum of Art and Design) has a collection founded in 1873, while Helsinki's University of Art and Design, established in 1871, now forms part of Aalto University.{{cite web|title=Welcome to Finland, the design nation|url=https://finland.fi/arts-culture/welcome-to-finland-the-design-nation/|publisher=This is Finland|access-date=3 January 2018}}

Prominent Finnish designers include Alvar Aalto (vases, furniture), Aino Aalto (glassware), Kaj Franck (glass, tableware), {{ill|Klaus Haapaniemi|fi}} (fabric prints), Simo Heikkilä (furniture),Houseley, Laura and Ahtisaari, Marko editors (2014). Out of the Blue: the Essence and Ambition of Finnish Design, p. 113. Gestalten, Berlin. {{ISBN|978-3-89955-457-1}}. Kristina Isola (textiles), Maija Isola (Marimekko prints), Harri Koskinen (glass, homeware), {{ill|Mika Piirainen|fi}} (clothing, accessories), Timo Sarpaneva (glass, homeware), Oiva Toikka (glass art), Tapio Wirkkala (glass art, glassware), Eero Aarnio (plastic furniture), {{ill|Sanna Annukka|fi}} (screenprints), {{ill|Anu Penttinen|fi}} (glass), {{ill|Aino-Maija Metsola|fi}} (textiles, homeware), and {{ill|Maija Louekari|fi}} (tableware, homeware).{{cite web | url=http://www.finnishdesign.com/finnish-designers | title=Finnish Designers | publisher=Finnish Design | access-date=7 May 2014}} Information from pages on each artist on that website.

File:Icelandic design (8566619374).jpg

Design in Iceland is a relatively young tradition, starting in the 1950s but now growing rapidly. The country's limited options for manufacturing and its constrained choice of materials have both forced designers to be innovative, though wool remains a staple material, whether felted or knitted. Iceland's Museum of Design and Applied Art, aiming to record Icelandic design from 1900 onwards, opened in 1998.{{cite web |title=Design and Architecture {{!}} General information |url=http://www.icelanddesign.is/ICELANDICDESIGN/ |publisher=Iceland Design Centre |access-date=1 January 2018}} The Iceland Academy of the Arts was also founded in 1998, soon followed by its Faculty of Architecture and Design, which has promoted a distinctively Icelandic character in the nation's design.{{cite web |title=Iceland Design Centre |url=http://www.icelanddesign.is/ICELANDDESIGNCENTRE/ |publisher=Iceland Design Centre |access-date=1 January 2018}}

File:Vernet telefonkiosk-Danmarksgata 4 A Krysset Opplandsgata -Vålerenga kirke (cropped).jpg

{{see|Norwegian Design Council}}

Norwegian design has a strong minimalist aesthetic.{{cite web |title=Design: Where nature meets minimalism |url=https://www.visitnorway.com/things-to-do/art-culture/design/ |publisher=Visit Norway |access-date=4 January 2018}} Designed items include lamps and furniture. Qualities emphasised include durability, beauty, functionality, simplicity, and natural forms.{{cite web |last1=Danner |first1=Christi |title=10 Reasons Norwegian Design Is Awesome|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2014/05/norwegian-design/ |publisher=Complex |access-date=4 January 2018 |date=22 May 2014}}

The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture, "DogA", is housed in a former transformer station in Oslo.{{cite web |title=The DOGA building |url=https://doga.no/en/utleie/DOGA-building/ |website=Design og arkitektur Norge|access-date=8 April 2018}} Norway holds an annual design exhibition called "100% Norway" at the London Design Fair.{{cite web |title=Norwegian Design Now |url=http://100percentnorway.com/about/ |website=100percentnorway |access-date=4 January 2018}}{{cite web |title=Norwegian Arts |url=http://norwegianarts.org.uk/category/design/ |website=Norwegian Arts |access-date=4 January 2018}}

Prominent Norwegian furniture designers include Hans Brattrud,{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hans Brattrud |first=Mats |last=Linder |encyclopedia=Store norske leksikon |editor-last=Godal | editor-first=Anne Marit | editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=https://snl.no/Hans_Brattrud |language=Norwegian |access-date=8 August 2019}} Sven Ivar Dysthe,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sven Ivar Dysthe |encyclopedia=Norsk biografisk leksikon |first=Solveig Lønne |last=Christiansen |editor=Helle, Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Sven_Ivar_Dysthe/utdypning |language=Norwegian |access-date=8 August 2019}} Olav Eldøy,{{cite web |title=Products by Olav Eldøy |url=https://www.architonic.com/en/microsite/olav-eldoy/8103837 |publisher=Architonic |access-date=8 August 2019}} Olav Haug,{{cite web |title=ELVERUM MØBEL- OG TREVAREFABRIKK – MØBELREKLAME |url=http://www.matslinder.no/2018/03/02/elverum-mobel-og-trevarefabrikk-mobelreklame/ |publisher=Matslinder |language=Norwegian |date=2 March 2018}} Fredrik A. Kayser,{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Fredrik A. Kayser |encyclopedia=Store norske leksikon |editor=Henriksen, Petter |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Fredrik_A._Kayser |language=Norwegian |access-date=31 March 2009}} and Ingmar Relling.{{cite book | author=Lade | title=Møbeldesigneren Ingmar Relling i perspektiv | publisher=Sykkylven Næringsutvikling A/S | publication-place=City | year=1991 | isbn=978-82-992499-0-4 | oclc=474491579 | language=no}}

File:HOL crazyds klotzi.jpg, Sweden]]

{{see|Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design}}

Swedish design is considered minimalist, with an emphasis on functionality and simple clean lines. This has applied especially to furniture. Sweden is known for traditional crafts including glass and Sami handicrafts. Swedish design was pioneered by {{ill|Anders Beckman|sv|Anders Beckman (konstnär)}} (graphics),{{cite web |author=Kokborg, Heidi |title=Everything there is to know about modern Scandinavian design |date=16 October 2017 |url=https://scanmagazine.co.uk/features/everything-there-is-to-know-about-modern-scandinavian-design/ |publisher=Scan magazine |access-date=8 August 2019}} Bruno Mathsson (furniture), Märta Måås-Fjetterström and Astrid Sampe (textiles), and Sixten Sason (industrial).

Organisations that promote design in Sweden are {{ill|Svensk Form|sv}}, the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design, founded in 1845; the {{ill|Swedish Industrial Design Foundation|sv|Stiftelsen Svensk Industridesign}}, known as SVID; the Swedish Arts Council; and the Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design (known as ArkDes) on the island of Skeppsholmen in Stockholm, beside the modern art museum.{{cite web |title=Stylish functionality |url=https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/swedish-design/|publisher=Sweden.se |access-date=1 January 2018}}

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | last1=Englund | first1=Magnus | last2=Schmidt | first2=Chrystina | last3=Wood | first3=Andrew | title=Scandinavian Modern | publisher=Ryland Peters & Small | year=2007 }}
• {{cite book | last1=Halén | first1=Widar | last2=Wickman | first2=Kerstin | title=Scandinavian Design Beyond the Myth | publisher=Arvinius | year=2003 }}

• {{cite book | last1=Bolander | first1=Lars | last2=MacIssac | first2=Heather | title=Lars Bolander's Scandinavian Design | publisher=Harry N Abrams | year=2010 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Donnelly | first=Marian | title=Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries | publisher=MIT Press | year=1991 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Ehmann | first=Sven | title=Scandinavia dreaming : Nordic homes, interiors and design | publisher=Gestalten | publication-place=Berlin | year=2016 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Fallan | first=Kjetil | title=Scandinavian Design: Alternative Histories | publisher=Berg | year=2012 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last1=Fiell | first1=Charlotte J | last2=Fiell | first2=Peter | title=Scandinavian Design | publisher=Taschen | year=2005 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Gura | first=Judith | title=Sourcebook of Scandinavian Furniture, Designs for the 21st Century | publisher=Norton | year=2012 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Hard af Segerstad | first=Ulf | title=Scandinavian Design (Nordisk Nyttokonst) | publisher=Nordisk Rotogravyr | year=1961 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last1=Nelson | first1=Katherine E | last2=Cabra | first2=Raul | title=New Scandinavian Design | publisher=Chronicle Books | year=2004 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Oriol | first=Anja Llorella | editor-last=Asensio | editor-first=Paco | title=New Scandinavian Design | publisher=teNeues | year=2005 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Sommar | first=Ingrid | title=Scandinavian Style | publisher=Carlton | year=2005 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Wickman | first=Kerstin | title=Scandinavian Design: the dream is still alive | publisher=Swedish Information Service | year=1996 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book | last=Zahle | first=Erik | title=A Treasury of Scandinavian Design | publisher=Golden Press | year=1961 |ref=none}}

• [http://www.finnishdesign.com Finnish Design]
• [http://www.icelanddesign.is/ Iceland Design Centre]
• [http://www.scandinaviandesign.com Scandinavian Design]

D01

Category:Scandinavia

Category:Danish design

Category:Finnish design

Category:Norwegian design

Category:Swedish design

Category:Art movements

Category:History of furniture

Category:Modernism

Category:Modernist architecture

Category:Scandinavian architecture