Scorpion man
{{Short description|Akkadian mythological creatures}}
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File:Lyre detail (Royal Cemetery of Ur).jpg}} in Philadelphia, which was excavated from Ur by the archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley.]]
Scorpion-men ({{langx|akk|𒄈𒋰𒇽𒍇𒇻|translit=girtablullû}}{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Civil |editor-first1=Manuel |editor-link1=Miguel Civil |editor-last2=Gelb |editor-first2=Ignace J. |editor-link2=Ignace Gelb |editor-last3=Landsberger |editor-first3=Benno |editor-link3=Benno Landsberger |editor-last4=Oppenheim |editor-first4=A. Leo |editor-link4=A. Leo Oppenheim |editor-last5=Reiner |editor-first5=Erica |editor-link5=Erica Reiner |title=aqrabu |encyclopedia=The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |volume=1 |number=1 |date=1968 |publisher=Oriental Institute |location=Chicago, United States |page=207 |isbn=978-0-918-98606-1 }}{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Gelb |editor-first1=Ignace J. |editor-link1=Ignace Gelb |editor-last2=Landsberger |editor-first2=Benno |editor-link2=Benno Landsberger |editor-last3=Oppenheim |editor-first3=A. Leo |editor-link3=A. Leo Oppenheim |title=zuqaqīpu |encyclopedia=The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago |volume=21 |date=1961 |publisher=Oriental Institute |location=Chicago, United States |pages=163–168 |isbn=978-0-918-98606-1 }}{{cite web |title=Girtablilu [SCORPION-MAN] (DN) |url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/atae/cbd/qpn/x00086080.html |website=Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus |publisher=University of Pennsylvania }} feature in several Akkadian language myths from ancient Mesopotamia, including the epic Enûma Elish and the Standard Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
In the visual arts, the form of scorpion-men varies, though they often have the head, torso, and arms of a man and the body and tail of a scorpion.
Mythology and Visual Art
Scorpion-men appear in the visual arts of Mesopotamia and ancient Iran before we know them from literature. Among the earliest representations of scorpion-men are an example from Jiroft in Iran,{{Cite journal |last=Caubet |first=Annie |date=2020 |title=Myths and Gods in the Oxus Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wcCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Jiroft+Scorpion-man&pg=PT219 |journal=The World of the Oxus Civilization, Edited by Bertille Lyonnet, Nadezhda Dubova|pages=195–214 |doi=10.4324/9781315193359-10 |isbn=978-1-351-75782-9 |url-access=subscription }} as well as a depiction on the Bull Lyre{{Cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/collections/object/4466|title=Lyre Fragment, Plaque - B17694A |website=Penn Museum |accessdate=January 2, 2025}} from the Early Dynastic Period city of Ur.
File:ScorpionMen.png depicting scorpion men.]]
In the epic poem Enuma elish, a scorpion-man is listed among the monsters created by Tiamat in order to wage war against the gods for murdering her mate Apsu.
In the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, they stand guard outside the gates of the sun god Shamash at the mountains of Mashu. These give entrance to Kurnugi, the land of darkness. The scorpion-men open the doors for Shamash as he travels out each day, and close the doors after him when he returns through the netherworld at night. When Gilgamesh comes to Mount Mashu, he encounters scorpion-men guarding the gate. Their "terror is awesome" and their "glance is death" (Tablet IX 43).A. R. George : The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic. Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 493
Scorpion-Women
Scorpion-women appear in the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, during Gilgamesh's encounter with the scorpion-men (Tablet IX 37-135). The scorpion-man tells his "female" (presumably a scorpion-woman, here seen for the first time), that Gilgamesh carries the flesh of the gods in his body. The scorpion-man's "woman" responds, in defining lines, that Gilgamesh is two-thirds god but one-third human (Tablet IX 51). Rivkah Harris saw the scorpion-women, like the wife of Utnapishtim in Tablet XI, as traditional and passive wives, whose position was "relational, given definition as wife or daughter."{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Rivkah |title=Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780806135397 |pages=124}} Karen Sonik has recently challenged this interpretation, observing that the scorpion-woman, like the other women of the epic, "[demonstrate] a striking visual and perceptual acuity"{{Cite journal |last=Sonik |first=Karen |title=Minor and Marginal(ized)? Rethinking Women as Minor Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.141.4.2021.ar029 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=779–801|doi=10.7817/jaos.141.4.2021.ar029 |url-access=subscription }} in their recognition of Gilgamesh's true nature.
See also
{{Portal|Mythology|Asia}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
External links
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- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927121532/http://www.matrifocus.com/IMB06/images/Boundary_stone-3rd-drawing.JPG Graphic of Scorpion man] (From boundary stone: Kudurru). Pictured in register IV-(row IV). [http://www.matrifocus.com/IMB06/spotlight.htm (Article with Detail-graphic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203134250/http://www.matrifocus.com/IMB06/spotlight.htm |date=2019-02-03 }}
{{Epic of Gilgamesh}}
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Category:Characters in the Enūma Eliš
Category:Anthropomorphic arachnids
Category:Mythological arthropods
Category:Mesopotamian legendary creatures