Seán Francis MacEntee ({{langx|ga|Seán Mac an tSaoi}}; 23 August 1889 – 9 January 1984) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 1959 to 1965, Minister for Social Welfare from 1957 to 1961, Minister for Health from 1957 to 1965, Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1941 to 1948, Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1939 to 1941, Minister for Finance from 1932 to 1939 and 1951 to 1954. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1969. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving member of the First Dáil.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Se%C3%A1n-MacEntee.D.1919-01-21/|title=Seán MacEntee|work=Oireachtas Members Database|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530062606/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Se%C3%A1n-MacEntee.D.1919-01-21/|url-status=live}}

Early life

Born as John McEntee at 47 King Street, Belfast on 23 August 1889, the son of James McEntee, a publican, and his wife, Mary Owens, both of whom were from Monaghan.{{Cite web|url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/df1cd30424445|title=General Registrar's Office|website=IrishGenealogy.ie|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213032/https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/captcha.jsp|url-status=live}} In 1901 and 1911, the family's address was 49 King Street.{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Antrim/Smithfield/King_Street/973725/|title=National Archives: Census of Ireland, 1901|website=www.census.nationalarchives.ie|language=en|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213032/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Antrim/Smithfield/King_Street/973725/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Antrim/Smithfield/King_Street/186223/|title=National Archives: Census of Ireland, 1911|website=www.census.nationalarchives.ie|language=en|access-date=2017-08-23|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506145112/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Antrim/Smithfield/King_Street/186223/|url-status=live}} James McEntee was a prominent Nationalist member of Belfast Corporation and a close friend of Joe Devlin MP.{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishnews.com/arts/2016/06/16/news/how-unionist-politician-saved-1916-rebel-sean-mcentee-from-firing-squad-560408/|title=How Unionist politician saved 1916 rebel Sean McEntee from firing squad|website=The Irish News|date=16 June 2016|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095219/http://www.irishnews.com/arts/2016/06/16/news/how-unionist-politician-saved-1916-rebel-sean-mcentee-from-firing-squad-560408/|url-status=live}}

MacEntee was educated at St Mary's Christian Brothers School, St Malachy's College and the Belfast Municipal College of Technology where he qualified as an electrical engineer.{{cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macentee-sean-john-francis-a5202|title=MacEntee, Sean (John) Francis|work=Dictionary of Irish Biography|last=McMahon|first=Deirdre|access-date=8 January 2022}} His early political involvement was with the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Belfast city. He quickly rose through the ranks of the trade union movement becoming junior representative in the city's shipyards. Following his education MacEntee worked as an engineer in Dundalk, County Louth, and was involved in the establishment of a local corps of the Irish Volunteers in the town. He mobilised in Dundalk and fought in the General Post Office Garrison in the Easter Rising in 1916. He was sentenced to death for his part in the rising. This sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. MacEntee was released in the general amnesty in 1917 and was later elected a member of the National Executives of both Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers in October 1917. MacEntee was later elected Sinn Féin Member of Parliament (MP) for Monaghan South at the 1918 general election.

Rebellion years

An attempt to develop his career as a consulting engineer in Belfast was interrupted by the War of Independence in 1919. MacEntee served as Vice-Commandant of the Belfast Brigade of the Irish Republican Army. He was also a member of the Volunteer Executive, a sort of Cabinet and Directory for the Minister for Defence and the HQ StaffKevin B Nolan, 'Dail Eireann and the Army: Unity and Division 1919–21, in Williams (ed.), "Irish Struggle", p.271, cited in Townshend, p.87. But MacEntee remained one of the few Sinn Féiners from the north.Others were Eoin Macneill and Ernest Blythe. William Forbes Patterson, a Canadian protestant convert to Sein Finn was commissioned by Dublin to investigate. He found that Republicans faced a pogrom in Ulster. Townshend, "The Republic", pp.172–3. On 6 August 1920, MacEntee presented 'a Memorial' lecture to the Dáil from the Belfast Corporation. He told the Dáil it was the only custodian of public order, and that a Nationalist pogrom was taking place, he advised them to fight Belfast.Dáil Debates, 6 Aug 1920, as cited by Townshend, p.176. The Dáil government's policy was dubbedBureau of Military History (Ireland) WS 1096 ( J J Murray), citing in Townshend, p.376-7.Hibernia Irredenta or 'Greening Ireland'. Sean MacEntee was asked to resign his South Monaghan seat, after voting against a bunting celebration in Lurgan to mark the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

=Path to civil war=

From April 1921, when MacEntee was transferred to Dublin to direct a special anti-partition campaign in connection with the May general election. It remained Collins's policy, he declared, that the largely Protestant shipyard workers of Belfast were being directed by the British, urging all Irishmen to rejoin the Republic.Coogan, Tim Pat, "Michael Collins", p.357, cited by Townshend, p.378. Correspondingly the Ulster Unionist Council rejected the call for a review of the boundary commission decision made on Northern Ireland. But when Ulstermen chose James Craig as Premier, Collins denounced democracy in the north as a sham.Collins and Craig had a meeting at the Colonial Office, London, on 21 January 1922. It was on the partition of Ireland issue that MacEntee voted against the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.[http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112220002.html Dáil Éireann – Volume 3 – 22 December 1921, Debate on Treaty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607134016/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112220002.html |date=7 June 2011 }} During the subsequent Civil War MacEntee commanded the IRA unit in Marlboro Street Post Office in Dublin. He later fought with Cathal Brugha in the Hamman Hotel and was subsequently interned in Kilmainham and Gormanstown until December 1923.

=Politician in the Free State=

After his release from prison, MacEntee devoted himself more fully to his engineering practice, although he unsuccessfully contested Dublin County by-election of 1924. He became a founder-member of Fianna Fáil in 1926 and was eventually elected a TD for Dublin County at the 1927 general election.{{cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1232|title=Seán MacEntee|work=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412053507/http://www.electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1232|url-status=live}}

MacEntee founded the Association of Patent Agents in 1929, having gained his interest in Patents when he worked as an assistant engineer in Dundalk Urban District Council.{{Cite web|url=http://www.aptma.ie/history.htm|title=Association of Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys – APTMA Ireland|website=www.aptma.ie|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512025033/http://www.aptma.ie/history.htm|url-status=live}} On MacEntee's appointment as Minister for Finance in 1932, his colleague, Francis Litton who was acting as Secretary of the Association, circulated the members with a notice to the effect that the Association was "suspended" until MacEntee could return as he now had to devote his energies to the affairs of the State. However, the other members decided to carry on. MacEntee must have valued his status as a Patent Agent since he maintained his name on the Register for over 30 years while he held Ministerial rank in the Irish Government, although he is not thought to have taken any active part in the patent business, which was carried on by his business partners.

In the first Fianna Fáil government (1932–1948)

In 1932, Fianna Fáil came to power for the very first time, with MacEntee becoming Minister for Finance. In keeping with the party's protectionist economic policies, his first budget in March of that year saw the introduction of new duties on forty-three imports, many of them coming from Britain. This saw retaliation from the British government, which in turn provoked a response from the Irish government. This was the beginning of the Economic War between the two nations, however, a treaty in 1938, signed by MacEntee and other senior members brought an end to the issue.

During the Dáil debates on the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, MacEntee described it as 'the Constitution of a Catholic State'.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1937-05-11/29|title=Bunreacht na hEireann (Dréacht)—Dara Céim. – Dáil Éireann (8th Dáil) – Tuesday, 11 May 1937 – Houses of the Oireachtas|first=Houses of the|last=Oireachtas|date=11 May 1937|website=www.oireachtas.ie|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517064207/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1937-05-11/29/|url-status=live}}

In 1939, World War II broke out and a cabinet reshuffle resulted in MacEntee being appointed as Minister for Industry and Commerce, taking over from his rival Seán Lemass. During his tenure at this department, MacEntee introduced the important Trade Union Act (1941). In 1941, another reshuffle of ministers took place, with MacEntee becoming Minister for Local Government and Public Health. The Health portfolio was transferred to a new Department of Health in 1947. Following the 1948 general election, Fianna Fáil returned to the opposition benches for the first time in sixteen years.

Later Fianna Fáil governments (1951–1954, 1957–1965)

In 1951, Fianna Fáil were back in government, although in minority status, depending on independent deputies for survival. MacEntee once again returned to the position of Minister for Finance where he felt it was vital to deal with the balance of payments deficit. He brought in a harsh budget in 1951 which raised income tax and tariffs on imports. His chief aim was to cut spending and reduce imports, however, this came at a cost as unemployment increased sharply. The increases were retained in his next two budgets in 1952 and 1953. It is often said that it was MacEntee's performance during this period that cost Fianna Fáil the general election in 1954. The poor grasp of economics also did his political career tremendous damage as up to that point he was seen as a likely successor as Taoiseach. Now, however, Seán Lemass was firmly seen as the "heir apparent".

In 1957, Fianna Fáil returned to power with an overall majority with MacEntee being appointed Minister for Health. The financial and economic portfolios were dominated by Lemass and other like-minded ministers who wanted to move away from protection to free trade. He is credited during this period with the reorganisation of the health services, the establishment of separate departments of health and social welfare, and the fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland. In 1959, MacEntee became Tánaiste when Seán Lemass was elected Taoiseach.

Retirement and death

Following the 1965 general election, MacEntee was 76 years old and retired from the government. This did not mean that he went quietly to the backbenches. He re-emerged in 1966 to launch a verbal attack on Seán Lemass for deciding to step down as party leader and Taoiseach. The two men, however, patched up their differences shortly afterwards. MacEntee retired from Dáil Éireann in 1969 at the age of 80, making him the oldest TD in Irish history.

He had a negative view of the Provisional IRA.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBv1xB-r-EY|title=The Good Old IRA comment on the Provisional IRA|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208015116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBv1xB-r-EY|url-status=live}}

MacEntee served in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and repeatedly proposed amendments that would have watered down resolutions against the Greek junta (see Greek case).{{cite journal|first=Howard D.|last=Coleman|title=Greece and the Council of Europe: The international legal protection of human rights by the political process|issue=2|date=1972|journal=Israeli Yearbook of Human Rights|pages=121–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx8ElGllOH8C&pg=PA121|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=0792303520|oclc=1078033270|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213032/https://books.google.com/books?id=zx8ElGllOH8C&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}

MacEntee died in Dublin on 9 January 1984, at the age of 94.{{cite web|url=http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/detail.aspx?parentpriref=|title=Seán MacEntee|access-date=27 November 2017|publisher=Military Archives, Defence Forces of Ireland|quote=File Reference SP34REF16538
Name Seán MacEntee
Date of birth 1889
Date of death 1984-01-09
Civilian occupation Politician
Military Service Pensions Acts 1934 Yes
Grade A
Notes Awarded 14 years service for pension purposes.|archive-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032123/http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/detail.aspx?parentpriref=|url-status=live}}Irish Times. 10 January 1984. This states that he died the previous day.{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Britannica-Book-Year-1985-Events/dp/B000KZ0JA6|title=Britannica Book of the Year 1985: Events of 1984|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=1985|page=136|isbn=9780852294284 |access-date=28 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042347/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Britannica-Book-Year-1985-Events/dp/B000KZ0JA6|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P8LAQAAMAAJ|title=Seán MacEntee: a political life|author=Tom Feeney|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=9780716529125|page=223|quote=He died in Dublin on 9 January 1984, at ninety-four years of age.[140]|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213032/https://books.google.com/books?id=1P8LAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} Note 140 on page 226 says "See Irish Times, 10 January 1984, for obituary". Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 30 June 2010

Family

In June 1921, he married a strongly nationalistic woman from County Tipperary, Margaret Browne (1893–1976), who later taught Irish at Alexandra College and then at UCD. Among Margaret's brothers were Cardinal Michael Browne, poet and academic Monsignor Pádraig de Brún, and author Monsignor Maurice Browne. One of Seán and Margaret's daughters was the Irish poet Máire Mhac an tSaoi (1922 - 2021).{{Cite news|date=19 October 2021|title=RIP.ie|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/m%C3%A1ire-cruise-o-brien--dublin/473328|access-date=20 October 2021}} She was married to the politician Conor Cruise O'Brien until his death. Their other daughter was Barbara MacEntee-Biggar (1928–1995), who was married to Irish Ambassador Frank Biggar (1917–1974);{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXa7m8wG84MC&pg=PA576|title=The Transformation Of Ireland 1900–2000|author=Diarmaid Ferriter|author-link=Diarmaid Ferriter|publisher=Profile Books|isbn=9781847650818|year=2010|access-date=22 March 2018|page=576|quote=... the Irish ambassador to the Common Market, Frank Biggar, was also Irish ambassador to Belgium and non-resident ambassador to Luxembourg.|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213032/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXa7m8wG84MC&pg=PA576|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re8pAQAAMAAJ|title=Who's who, what's what and where in Ireland|author=Zircon Publishing|publisher=Macmillan Information|year=1973|access-date=22 March 2018|page=27|isbn=9780225658873|quote=BIGGAR. Frank. Ambassador. Grande Croix de la Couronne (Belgium) Grande Croix du Chane (Luxembourg) lrish Ambassador to Switzerland. b. Dublin 29 May 1917. ... m. 1951 Barbara. 2nd daughter of Sean MacEntee and Margaret (nee Browne). Children John 1952 ...|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re8pAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 6 Sep 2011 Barbara and Frank's eldest son is former Irish ambassador John Biggar (1952–).{{cite web|url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/bulgaria/about-us/the-embassys-history/|title=Embassy of Ireland, Bulgaria|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=22 March 2018|quote=Irish resident Ambassadors to Bulgaria ... John Biggar 2013-to 2015 (also accredited to Armenia and Georgia)|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143315/https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/bulgaria/about-us/the-embassys-history/|url-status=live}} Barbara and Frank's third son was Maurice Biggar (1956–2023), a "young star of L&H debates, diplomat, barrister, gaeilgeoir, linguist and poet".{{cite web|last1=De Bréadún|first1=Deaglán|authorlink=Deaglán de Bréadún|title=Obituary: Maurice Biggar, young star of L&H debates, diplomat, barrister, gaeilgeoir, linguist and poet|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/obituary-maurice-biggar-young-star-of-l-and-h-debates-diplomat-barrister-gaeilgeoir-linguist-and-poet-42414393.html|publisher=Irish Independent|date=2 April 2023|access-date=3 April 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230403095005/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/obituary-maurice-biggar-young-star-of-l-and-h-debates-diplomat-barrister-gaeilgeoir-linguist-and-poet-42414393.html|archive-date=3 April 2023|quote=}} (MSN also have a (currently free) backup copy of this article [https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/other/obituary-maurice-biggar-young-star-of-l-h-debates-diplomat-barrister-gaeilgeoir-linguist-and-poet/ar-AA19mGdH here]). Seán and Margaret also had a son, Seamus MacEntee (1924–2000), who lived mostly in England, working as a psychiatrist, as well as being an artist painting under the name Sagesson ("Sage's son" is an English translation of the name MacEntee, which is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac an tSaoi, meaning "Son of the wise man"{{Cite web|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/Saoi/|title="Saoi"|website=téarma.ie}}).{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/12/obituaries/sean-mcentee-94-founding-figure-irish-republic-dublin-jan-11-ap-sean-macentee.html|title=Obituaries: SEAN MCENTEE, 94; A FOUNDING FIGURE OF THE IRISH REPUBLIC DUBLIN, Jan. 11 (AP)|date=12 January 1984|access-date=26 November 2017|author=Associated Press (AP)|work=New York Times|quote=Mr. MacEntee is survived by his son, Seamus, and two daughters, Barbara and Maire, a Gaelic-language scholar married to former Posts and Telegraphs Minister Conor Cruise O'Brien. Mr. MacEntee's wife, Margaret, died in 1976.|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031854/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/12/obituaries/sean-mcentee-94-founding-figure-irish-republic-dublin-jan-11-ap-sean-macentee.html|url-status=live}}Biggar-Donnellan Ancestry Tree at Ancestry.com

References

Bibliographical sources

Beaslai, Piaras, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland 2 vols, (Dublin 1926)
Boyce, George D & Alan O' Day (eds.) The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 (Basingstoke 2006)
Coogan, Tim Pat, Michael Collins: A biography (London 1990)
Costello, Francis, Enduring the Most: The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney (Dingle 1995)
Curran, Joseph, The Birth of the Irish Free State (Tuscaloosa, Ala, USA 1980)
Doherty, Gabriel & Dermot Keogh (eds) Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State (Cork 1998)
Farrell, Brian, Creation of the Dail (Dublin 1994)
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P8LAQAAMAAJ|title=Seán MacEntee: a political life|author=Feeney, Tom|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=9780716529125}} Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 30 Jun 2010
Foy, Michael T., Michael Collins' Intelligence War: The Struggle between the British and the IRA 1919–1921 (Stroud 2006)
Lynch, Robert, The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, 1920–1922 (Dublin 2006)
McDermott, Jim, Northern Divisions: The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 (Belfast 2001)
Morgan, Austen, Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 (London 1990)
Phoenix, Eamon, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890–1940 (Belfast 1994)