Security and Growth for All in the Region

On 12 March 2015 the Prime Minister of India had first taken reference to SAGAR in an address in Mauritius. PM Modi said, "Our goal is to seek a climate of trust and transparency; respect for international maritime rules and norms by all countries; sensitivity to each other`s interests; peaceful resolution of maritime issues; and increase in maritime cooperation".{{Cite web|title=Indian Ocean region: A pivot for India's growth|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/indian-ocean-region-a-pivot-for-indias-growth/|last=Jaishankar|first=Dhruva|date=2016-09-12|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}} The address was during the commissioning of the Kora-class corvette MCGS Barracuda into the National Coast Guard of Mauritius, the first Indian manufactured warship to be exported.{{Cite news|date=18 December 2014|title=India to deliver corvette class warship to Mauritius on December 20|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-deliver-corvette-class-warship-to-mauritius-on-december-20/articleshow/45564033.cms|access-date=2022-02-02}}File:MCGS Barracuda at sea.jpg MCGS Barracuda, the first warship to be exported from an Indian shipyard, commissioned on 12 March 2015]]This was followed by the External Affairs Minister referencing SAGAR in two addresses at the Indian Ocean Conference and elaborating on its implementation.{{Cite web|date=27 August 2018|title=Remarks by External Affairs Minister at the 3rd Indian Ocean Conference, Vietnam (August 27, 2018)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/30327|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}{{Cite web|date=31 August 2017|title=Address by External Affairs Minister at the 2nd Indian Ocean Conference (August 31, 2017)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/28907/Address+by+External+Affairs+Minister+at+the+2nd+Indian+Ocean+Conference+August+31+2017|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} India has not officially released a report or document outlining the vision and doctrine. This is not unique to SAGAR, as even the "Ten Principles of India-Africa Cooperation" was mentioned in speeches but not promulgated on paper officially. However, substantial initiatives have been taken which fall within the basic elements of SAGAR.{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=2019|others=Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation|title=Unpacking SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)|url=https://usiofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/USI-Occasional-Paper_2_19-Unpacking-SAGAR-Final-print-File-1.pdf|website=United Service Institution of India}}{{Cite web|title=Modi 2.0 foreign policy to lay stress on 'SAGAR Doctrine' and 'Act East'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/06/06/modi-foreign-policy-lay-stress-sagar-doctrine-and-act-east.html|last=Dixit|first=Rekha|date=6 June 2019|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-26}} In June 2019 Prime Minister Modi in the Maldivian Parliament referenced the doctrine as a "blueprint for cooperation".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 June 2019|title=PM Modi's address at Maldivian Parliament: Top quotes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modis-address-at-maldivian-parliament-top-quotes/articleshow/69707115.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India}}{{Cite web|date=4 September 2021|title=What is Mission SAGAR?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2021/09/04/what-is-mission-sagar.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Manorama Year Book online}}

In November 2020 the Foreign Secretary said "India's Indo-Pacific strategy was enunciated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a speech in Singapore in 2018 as the SAGAR doctrine".{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=October–December 2020|others=Strategic Perspectives|title=SAGAR is a doctrine for the Indo-Pacific region?|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/cs3-strategic-perspectives/sagar-is-a-doctrine-for-the-indo-pacific-region/|publisher=The United Service Institution of India}}{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Foreign Secretary's Speech at Policy Exchange|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33162/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} This extension of the Indian Ocean strategy further east to the Indo-Pacific first took place when the Prime Minister had said during the 2018 Shangri-La Dialogue, "Three years ago, in Mauritius, I described our vision in one word – Sagar, which means ocean in Hindi. And, Sagar stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region and, that is the creed we follow to our East now even more vigorously through our Act East Policy".{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=October–December 2020|others=Strategic Perspectives|title=SAGAR is a doctrine for the Indo-Pacific region?|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/cs3-strategic-perspectives/sagar-is-a-doctrine-for-the-indo-pacific-region/|publisher=The United Service Institution of India}}{{Cite web|date=1 June 2018|title=Prime Minister's Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue (June 01, 2018)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/29943/Prime+Ministers+Keynote+Address+at+Shangri+La+Dialogue+June+01+2018#:~:text=Media%20Center-,Prime%20Minister%27s%20Keynote%20Address%20at,Dialogue%20(June%2001,%202018)&text=Prime%20Minister%20Lee%20Hsien%20Loong,better%20future%20for%20the%20region.|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} Prime Minister Modi referenced SAGAR during his chair of a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) high-level open debate on maritime security in August 2021.{{Cite web|date=9 August 2021|agency=PTI|title=PM Modi Chairs UNSC Debate; Calls for Cooperation on Maritime Threats by Non-State Actors|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/pm-modi-chairs-unsc-debate-calls-for-cooperation-on-maritime-threats-by-non-state-actors|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Wire}}{{Cite web|date=10 August 2021|title=English translation of Prime Minister's remarks at the UNSC High-Level Open Debate on "Enhancing Maritime Security: A Case For International Cooperation" (August 9, 2021)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/34151/English_translation_of_Prime_Ministers_remarks_at_the_UNSC_HighLevel_Open_Debate_on_Enhancing_Maritime_Security_A_Case_For_International_Cooperation_A|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}

SAGAR involves increasing maritime domain awareness. This is implemented through the Integrated Coastal Surveillance System.{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Captain Himadri|date=2021-09-30|title=Maritime Domain Awareness in India: Shifting Paradigms|url=https://maritimeindia.org/maritime-domain-awareness-in-india-shifting-paradigms/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=National Maritime Foundation}} Coastal radar systems have been sponsored in a number of Indian Ocean region countries including the Maldives. With Sri Lanka a number of bilateral and trilateral projects, with Japan, have started. In 2018, Indonesia and India signed a strategic agreement for maritime cooperation, the "Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific".{{Cite web|date=30 May 2018|title=Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29933/Shared_Vision_of_IndiaIndonesia_Maritime_Cooperation_in_the_IndoPacific|access-date=2022-02-02|website=|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=5 September 2019|title=India, Indonesia have shared vision on Indo-Pacific & territorial integrity: Jaishankar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-indonesia-have-shared-vision-on-indo-pacific-territorial-integrity-jaishankar/articleshow/71000130.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-02-02}} Without any specific hierarchy, related projects include Sagarmala and Project Mausam, and strategies of 'neighbourhood first' and of India being a 'net security provider'.{{Cite web|last=Padmaja|first=G.|date=2017-03-14|title=Significance of Civilizational Nautical Narratives in India's Maritime Diplomacy|url=https://maritimeindia.org/significance-of-civilizational-nautical-narratives-in-indias-maritime-diplomacy/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=National Maritime Foundation}} India-Seychelles relations include onshore projects, and the handing over of equipment to the Seychelles Coast Guard.{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Seychelles central to India's SAGAR vision: PM|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/seychelles-central-to-indias-sagar-vision-pm-7265317/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}} Patrol vessels have also been given to Mauritius and Maldives.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-07-19|title=India's policy towards countries in the Indian Ocean Region is guided by the 'Neighbourhood First' policy and PM's vision of SAGAR (Security & Growth for All in the Region)|url=https://orissadiary.com/indias-policy-towards-countries-in-the-indian-ocean-region-is-guided-by-the-neighbourhood-first-policy-and-pms-vision-of-sagar-security-growth-for-all-in-the-region/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OdishaDiary.com}}

As part of SAGAR the Indian government, the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard have assisted countries in the Indian Ocean region with exclusive economic zone surveillance, search and rescue, and other such activities, including first responder initiatives.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 March 2019|title=33rd Edition of India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat) Commences at Port Blair|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1569122#:~:text=The%20IND-INDO%20CORPAT%20Series,friendship%20between%20India%20and%20Indonesia.|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}} COVID-19 relief missions in the month of May 2020 India dispatched INS Kesari carrying on board 600 tons of food items, two medical assistance teams and essential medicines to the countries in the southern Indian Ocean. This relief mission provided assistance to Mauritius, Maldives, Madagascar, Comoros and Seychelles.{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|agency=ANI|title=Mission Sagar: India sends INS Kesari with medical teams, food to Indian Ocean countries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-sagar-india-sends-ins-kesari-with-medical-teams-food-to-indian-ocean-countries/articleshow/75658568.cms|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Times of India}}{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-07-01|title=Mission Sagar: A major milestone in India's engagement with IOR countries|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/mission-sagar-a-major-milestone-in-indias-engagement-with-ior-countries/2010119/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}} In December 2021, 0.5 kiloton of food aid was delivered to Mozambique amidst a double blow of coronavirus and drought.{{Cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=Under Mission Sagar, INS Kesari delivers 500 tonnes of food aid to Mozambique|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/under-mission-sagar-ins-kesari-delivers-500-tonnes-of-food-aid-to-mozambique-101640509490655.html|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}} INS Airavat has delivered pandemic related relief to Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand.{{Cite web|date=4 September 2021|title=What is Mission SAGAR?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2021/09/04/what-is-mission-sagar.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Manorama Year Book online}}

Following the MV Wakashio oil spill off the coast of Mauritius in August 2020, India extended its support to the Mauritius government and international efforts by sending 30 tons of technical equipment and materials, supplementing the oil spill containment and salvage operation. India dispatched ocean booms, river booms, heli-skimmers, power packs, blowers, salvage packs, oil absorbent graphene pads and other accessories on board a C-17 Globemaster of the Indian Air Force.{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-08-17|title=Mauritius oil spill: India sends help to clean the oil spill|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/mauritius-oil-spill-india-sends-help-to-clean-the-oil-spil/2057196/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=17 August 2020|title=India rushes emergency technical support to Mauritius to control oil spill as part of extended neighbourhood outreach|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-rushes-emergency-technical-support-to-mauritius-to-control-oil-spill-as-part-of-extended-neighbourhood-outreach/articleshow/77572772.cms|access-date=2020-08-19}}

File:Indian Coast guard ships dousing fire.jpg in 2020]]

On 3 September 2020, Indian Coast Guard (ICG) headquarters received a call for assistance with regard to a tanker, MT New Diamond, with an onboard fire off the coast of Sri Lanka.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}} In coordination with Sri Lankan Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard, and the Indian Navy and following aerial reconnaissance, ICGS Shaurya reached the scene as a first responder and commenced fire fighting.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}} Following escalation more Indian coast guard vessels were dispatched including ICGS Samudra Paheredar and ICGS Sarang, Sujay, Ameya and Abheek.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}} Dornier aircraft assisted in carrying material. Tugs assisted in preventing the tanker from drifting towards the shore.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}} The ICG also assisted with X-Press Pearl.{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Shankhyaneel |date=2021-05-30 |editor-last=Chaturvedi |editor-first=Amit |title=MV X-Press Pearl fire considerably reduced, no oil spill detected: Coast Guard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/mv-x-press-pearl-fire-considerably-reduced-no-oil-spill-detected-coast-guard-101622387237638.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Indian vessels in Operation Sagar Araksha II |url=https://www.cgihambantota.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=200 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website= |publisher=Consulate General of India, Hambantota, Sri Lanka}}

SAGAR and associated documents are a continuation of India's thinking for the Indian Ocean region.{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Pratnashree|date=November 2021|others=Occasional Paper 339|title=Maritime India: The Quest for a Steadfast Identity|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ORF_OccasionalPaper_339_MaritimeIdentity.pdf|publisher=ORF|pages=4–6}}

In the first five years since the phrase was first used by the Prime Minister, various government officials and documents have referred to SAGAR as a "vision, concept, policy and doctrine". SAGAR has also been called an "approach", a "declaration of national intent",{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2rDwAAQBAJ&q=sagar|title=Whither Indian Ocean Maritime Order? Contributions to a Seminar on Narendra Modi's SAGAR Speech|date=2017-02-15|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|others=India International Centre|isbn=978-93-86288-50-9|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Yogendra}} and "a conceptual framework".{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Yogendra|last2=Ghosh|first2=Probal K.|date=2020|others=Article 7|title=The "Indo" in the "Indo-Pacific"—An Indian View|url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss2/7|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=73|issue=2|url-access=|access-date=|doi-access=}} Countries in the Indian Ocean region are interested in seeing how India implements its vision.{{Cite web|last=Patil|first=Sameer|date=2018-09-21|title=SAGAR and security: leading in Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/sagar-security-indo-pacific/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}} SAGAR, a geopolitical construct, is meshed with Sagarmala, a project to improve domestic maritime infrastructure and logistics.{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Vice Admiral Anil|date=2016-04-14|title=Sagarmala or SAGAR: a maritime dilemma|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/sagarmala-or-sagar-our-maritime-dilemma/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}} SAGAR can take priority over Sagarmala. India's 2015 publication Indian Maritime Security Strategy under the Integrated Headquarters in New Delhi briefly lists SAGAR however does not elaborate on the interconnectedness.{{Cite web|last=Sidhu|first=W. P. S.|date=2016-02-14|title=India's challenge of securing the seas|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/rUZicEuKycSHWkhWwRi7TK/Indias-challenge-of-securing-the-seas.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Livemint}}

{{reflist}}{{Notelist}}

;Books

• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2rDwAAQBAJ&q=sagar|title=Whither Indian Ocean Maritime Order? Contributions to a Seminar on Narendra Modi's SAGAR Speech|date=2017-02-15|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|others=India International Centre|isbn=978-93-86288-50-9|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Yogendra}}

;Think-tanks

• {{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Gaurav|last2=Finaud|first2=Marc|date=May 2020|title=India's Strategic Intent and Military Partnerships in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/india-s-strategic-intent-and-military-partnerships-in-the-indian-ocean-region|publisher=Geneva Centre for Security Policy|isbn=978-2-88947-098-3}}
• {{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Abhishek|date=3 February 2020|title=India's vision of SAGAR: Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-vision-of-sagar-humanitarian-assistance-and-disaster-relief-operations-in-the-indian-ocean-region-61000/|website=ORF}}
• {{Cite web|date=11 July 2020|title=Operationalising SAGAR: Bridging the Gap between Policy and Execution|url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/operationalising-sagar-bridging-the-gap-between-policy-and-execution.html|website=Delhi Policy Group}}
• {{Cite web|last=Padmaja|first=G.|date=2018-04-25|title=Revisiting 'Sagar' - India's template for cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://maritimeindia.org/revisiting-sagar-indias-template-for-cooperation-in-the-indian-ocean-region/|website=National Maritime Foundation}}
• {{Cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=Natasha Jha|date=26 April 2021|title=India's developing economic ties with the Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-developing-economic-ties-indo-pacific/|website=ORF}}
• {{Cite web|last=Thokchom|first=Richard|date=3 July 2021|title=The China Factor in India's Maritime Strategy|url=http://www.kiips.in/research/the-china-factor-in-indias-maritime-strategy/|publisher=Kalinga Institute of Indo-Pacific Studies}}

;Journals

• {{Cite journal|last=Schöttli|first=Jivanta|date=2019-10-20|title="Security and growth for all in the Indian Ocean" – maritime governance and India's foreign policy|url=http://doras.dcu.ie/25667/|journal=India Review|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=568–581|doi=10.1080/14736489.2019.1703366|s2cid=214143942|issn=1473-6489}}

;News and articles

• {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 August 2021|title=India keen to create an inclusive structure of maritime security in the region: Modi|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-keen-to-create-an-inclusive-structure-of-maritime-security-in-the-region-modi/article35821659.ece|website=The Hindu BusinessLine|language=}}
• {{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=11 May 2020|title=India launches Mission Sagar to assist island nations in Eastern Indian Ocean|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/11/india-launches-mission-sagar-to-assist-island-nations-in-eastern-indian-ocean-2141684.html|website=The New Indian Express}}
• {{Cite web|date=7 February 2016|title=SAGAR stands for Security And Growth for All in the Region: PM Modi at International Fleet Review in Vishakhapatnam|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-at-the-international-fleet-review-2016-in-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh-413019|website=Narendra Modi}}
• {{Cite news|last=Pisupati|first=Balakrishna|date=2015-05-26|title=Redefining SAGAR in Indian Ocean|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/redefining-sagar-in-indian-ocean/article7248385.ece|url-access=limited|issn=0971-751X}}
• {{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Commodore Odakkal|date=19 January 2021|title=Indian Navy Enhances Security and Growth for All in Indian Ocean Region: Anytime & Anywhere|url=https://bharatshakti.in/indian-navy-enhances-security-and-growth-for-all-in-indian-ocean-region-anytime-anywhere/|website=Bharat Shakti}}
• {{Cite web|last=Bhaumik|first=Anirban|date=2021-08-09|title=India asserts its 'net security provider' role in Indian Ocean|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-asserts-its-net-security-provider-role-in-indian-ocean-1017935.html|website=Deccan Herald}}
• {{Cite web|title=Mission SAGAR|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/mission-sagar-1|website=|publisher=Indian Navy}}

• {{Cite web|last=|date=3 March 2021|title=Maritime India Summit-2021: PM Modi unveils Mercantile Maritime Domain Awareness Centre|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/maritime-india-summit-2021-pm-modi-unveils-mercantile-maritime-domain-awareness-centre/81309821|website=ETGovernment|language=}}

• {{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Angana|date=2017|title=India's Neighbourhood Policy: Challenges and Prospects|url=https://jgu-dev.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/angana-das.pdf|journal=Jindal Journal of International Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–37|doi=10.54945/jjia.v4i1.49 |s2cid=251876892 }}

• {{Cite web|last=Brewster|first=David|date=5 November 2013|title=India: Regional net security provider|url=https://mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/22468/India+Regional+net+security+provider|website=|publisher=Gateway House|via=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}
• {{Cite web|last=Kapur|first=Lalit|date=2019-06-03|title=An Indian Ocean Agenda for Modi 2.0|url=https://amti.csis.org/an-indian-ocean-agenda-for-modi-2-0/|website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Magon|first=Captain Suvarat|date=2019|title=Role of the Indian Navy in providing maritime security in the Indian Ocean region|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/assets/pdf/ssg2019_12_06.pdf|journal=海幹校戦略研究|volume=12|pages=91–129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020033/https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/assets/pdf/ssg2019_12_06.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2022}}

Category:Modi administration initiatives