Self-referential humor

{{Infobox joke

| image = No Thumbtacks.jpg

| caption = An example of self-referential humor on a shared noticeboard

| nickname = Meta humor

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Self-referential humor, also known as self-reflexive humor, self-aware humor, or meta humor, is a type of comedic expression{{cite web|url=http://www2.vo.lu/homepages/phahn/humor/self_ref.htm |title=Sentences about Self-Reference and Recurrence |publisher=.vo.lu |access-date=2012-08-21}} that—either directed toward some other subject, or openly directed toward itself—is self-referential in some way, intentionally alluding to the very person who is expressing the humor in a comedic fashion, or to some specific aspect of that same comedic expression. Here, meta is used to describe that the joke explicitly talks about other jokes, a usage similar to the words metadata (data about data), metatheatrics (a play within a play as in Hamlet) and metafiction. Self-referential humor expressed discreetly and surrealistically is a form of bathos. In general, self-referential humor often uses hypocrisy, oxymoron, or paradox to create a contradictory or otherwise absurd situation that is humorous to the audience.

History

Old Comedy of Classical Athens is held to be the first—in the extant sources—form of self-referential comedy. Aristophanes, whose plays form the only remaining fragments of Old Comedy, used fantastical plots, grotesque and inhuman masks and status reversals of characters to slander prominent politicians and court his audience's approval.Alan Hughes; Performing Greek Comedy (Cambridge, 2012)

Douglas Hofstadter wrote several books on the subject of self-reference;{{Citation

| last1 = Hofstadter| first1 = Douglas R.

| title = Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid

| publisher = Basic Books

| year = 1979

| isbn = 0-465-026850

}}{{Citation

| last1 = Hofstadter| first1 = Douglas R.

| title = Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern

| publisher = Basic Books

| year = 1985

| isbn = 0-465-04566-9

}} the term meta has come to be used, particularly in art, to refer to something that is self-referential.{{cite web

| title = Origin and meaning of prefix meta-

| url = https://www.etymonline.com/word/meta-

| website = Online Etymology Dictionary

| access-date = August 12, 2021}}

Meta-jokes

Meta-jokes are a popular form of humor. They contain several somewhat different, but related categories: joke templates, class-referential jokes, self-referential jokes and jokes about jokes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

=Joke template=

This form of meta-joke is a sarcastic jab at the endless refitting of joke forms (often by professional comedians) to different circumstances or characters without a significant innovation in the humor.[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,15306761-16947,00.html "Stars turn to jokers for hire"]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{quote|Three people of different nationalities walk into a bar. Two of them say something smart, and the third one makes a mockery of his fellow countrymen by acting stupid.{{cite book

|last1=Foster

|first1=Michael Dylan

|last2=Tolbert

|first2=Jeffrey A.

|date=November 2015

|title=The Folkloresque: Reframing Folklore in a Popular Culture World

|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17mvkfh

|publisher=Utah State University Press

|jstor=j.ctt17mvkfh

|isbn=9781607324188

}}}}

{{quote|Three blokes walk into a pub. One of them is a little bit stupid, and the whole scene unfolds with a tedious inevitability.

—Bill Bailey}}

{{quote|How many members of a certain demographic group does it take to perform a specified task?

A finite number: one to perform the task and the remainder to act in a manner stereotypical of the group in question.}}

=Class-referential jokes=

This form of meta-joke contains a familiar class of jokes as part of the joke. For example, here are a few subversions of the standard bar joke format:

{{quote|A dyslexic man walks into a bra.{{cite web

|url=http://lindaksienkiewicz.com/bar-jokes-and-grammar/

|title=Bar Jokes and Grammar - Linda K Sienkiewicz

|last=Sienkiewicz

|first=Linda K.

|date=14 May 2018

|website=Linda K Sienkiewicz

|access-date=21 February 2021

}}}}

{{quote|A non sequitur walks into a bar. In a strong wind, even turkeys can fly.}}

=Self-referential jokes=

Self-referential jokes refer to themselves rather than to larger classes of previous jokes.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

{{Blockquote|What do you get when you cross a joke with a rhetorical question?{{cite web

|url=https://factinator.com/30-intellectuals-jokes/

|title=30 Jokes Only Intellectuals Will Understand

|website=Fact-inator

|access-date=24 February 2021

}}}}

{{Blockquote

| text =Three blind mice walk into a bar, but they are unaware of their surroundings so to derive humour from it would be exploitative.{{cite AV media

| people =Bill Bailey

| date =2004

| title =Bill Bailey Live - Part Troll

| medium =DVD

| language =English

| publisher =Universal Pictures UK

| asin =B0002SDY1M

}}

| author =Bill Bailey

}}{{Blockquote|text=I'm a self-deprecating comedian...though I'm not very good at it.|author=Stewart Francis|source=}}

=Jokes about jokes=

Marc Galanter, in the introduction to his book Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture, cites a meta-joke in a speech of Chief Justice William Rehnquist:

I've often started off with a lawyer joke, a complete caricature of a lawyer who's been nasty, greedy, and unethical. But I've stopped that practice. I gradually realized that the lawyers in the audience didn't think the jokes were funny and the non-lawyers didn't know they were jokes.{{cite book

|last=Galanter

|first=Marc

|author-link=Marc Galanter

|date=1 September 2005

|title=Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture

|url=https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/2923.htm

|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press

|page=3

|isbn=0-299-21350-1

}}

Stand-up comedian Mitch Hedberg would often follow up a joke with an admission that it was poorly told, or insist to the audience that "that joke was funnier than you acted.""Mitch Hedberg - Mitch All Together", CD Comedy Central (2003) ASIN B000X71NKQ

The process of being a humorist is also the subject of meta-jokes; for example, on an episode of QI, Jimmy Carr made the comment, "When I told them I wanted to be a comedian, they laughed. Well, they're not laughing now!"— a joke previously associated with Bob Monkhouse.{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/comedy/7927089/Modern-comedys-unlikely-hero-Bob-Monkhouse.html |title=Modern comedy's unlikely hero: Bob Monkhouse |last=Deacon |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Deacon (journalist) |date=3 June 2015 |website=telegraph.co.uk|access-date=18 February 2018}}

Other examples

File:Paradox.jpg apologizing for its own existence]]

=Fumblerules=

Fumblerules are stylistic guidelines, presented such that the phrasing of the rule itself constitutes an infraction.Safire, William. "Fumblerules: a lighthearted guide to grammar and good usage." (1990). For example, "Don't use no double negatives".

=Limericks=

A limerick referring to the anti-humor of limericks:

{{quote|

The limerick packs laughs anatomical

Into space that is quite economical.

But the good ones I've seen

So seldom are clean

And the clean ones so seldom are comical.Feinberg, Leonard. The Secret of Humor. Rodopi, 1978. {{ISBN|9789062033706}}. p102

}}

W. S. Gilbert wrote one of the definitive "anti-limericks":

{{quote|

There was an old man of St. Bees,

Who was stung in the arm by a wasp;

When they asked, "Does it hurt?"

He replied, "No, it doesn't,

But I thought all the while 'twas a Hornet."Wells 1903, pp. xix-xxxiii.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA683 Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature - Google Boeken]}}

Tom Stoppard's anti-limerick from Travesties:

{{quote|

A performative poet of Hibernia

Rhymed himself into a hernia

He became quite adept

At this practice, except

For the occasional non-sequitur.

}}

A limerick about limericks:

{{quote|

A limerick's cleverly versed,

The second line rhymes with the first;

The third one is short,

The fourth's the same sort

And the last line is often the worst.Creative Teaching: English in the Early Years and Primary Classroom. Chris Horner, Victoria Ryf. Routledge, 11 Jun 2007

}}

=Metaparody=

Metaparody is a form of humor or literary technique consisting "parodying the parody of the original", sometimes to the degree that the viewer is unclear as to which subtext is genuine and which subtext parodic.{{cite book|author1=Morson, Gary Saul|author2=Emerson, Caryl|title=Rethinking Bakhtin: extensions and challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjtZotCHe2wC&pg=PA63|accessdate=20 April 2013|year=1989|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-0810-3|pages=63–}}{{cite book|author=Marina Terkourafi|title=The Languages of Global Hip Hop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoCETlhOPDEC&pg=PA234|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=23 September 2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-3160-8|pages=234–}}{{cite book|author=Peter I. Barta|title=Carnivalizing Difference: Bakhtin and the Other|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhVIPn2vZSAC&pg=PA110|accessdate=20 April 2013|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26991-9|pages=110–}}{{example needed|date=July 2023}} An example of a Metaparody would be the film "Scary Movie" which parodies the film "Scream" which is itself a parody.

=RAS Syndrome=

RAS syndrome is the redundant use of one or more of the words that make up an acronym or initialism with the abbreviation itself, thus in effect repeating one or more words. "RAS" stands for Redundant Acronym Syndrome and so RAS syndrome is self-referencing.{{Cite news |last=Clothier |first=Gary |date=8 November 2006 |title=Ask Mr. Know-It-All |newspaper=The York Dispatch}}{{Cite news |last=Newman |first=Stanley |date=December 20, 2008 |url=http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/readersatplay/story.html?id=ea936740-3787-49be-813d-937b3a63eb74 |title=Sushi by any other name |newspaper=Windsor Star |page=G4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121728/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/readersatplay/story.html?id=ea936740-3787-49be-813d-937b3a63eb74 |archive-date=May 3, 2012 }}{{cite news |title=Feedback |newspaper=New Scientist|issue=2285 |date=2001-04-07 |page=108 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17022858.000 |format=fee required |access-date=2006-12-08}}