Selichot

File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - “Slichot” Prayer (1).jpg

File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - “Slichot” Prayer (2).jpg during the Slichot prayers, also at the Western Wall.]]

In the Sephardic tradition, recital of Selichot in preparation for the High Holidays begins on the second day of the Hebrew month of Elul. In the Ashkenazi tradition, in years where the first day of Rosh Hashanah begins on a Thursday or Saturday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night before Rosh Hashanah. If, however, the first day of Rosh Hashanah falls on a Monday or Tuesday, selichot are recited from the Saturday night more than a week before Rosh Hashanah to ensure that it is recited at least four times. This may be because originally the pious would fast for ten days during the season of repentance, and four days before Rosh Hashanah were added to compensate for the four of the Ten Days of Repentance on which fasting is forbidden – the two days of Rosh Hashanah, Shabbat Shuvah, and the day preceding Yom Kippur—and, while the fasts are observed by very few today, the Selichot that accompanied them have been retained. Alternatively, the Rosh Hashanah liturgy includes the Biblical phrase "you shall observe a burnt offering", and like an offering which needs to be scrutinised for defects for four days, so too four days of self-searching are needed before the day of judgment.{{Cite web |url=http://www.oztorah.com/2011/09/soul-searching-in-the-selichot-ask-the-rabbi/ |title=Soul Searching in the Selichot |author=Rabbi Raymond Apple |publisher=oztorah.com}}

In the Italian rite, selichot always begin on a Monday or Thursday shortly before Rosh Hashanah. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Monday, they begin the previous Monday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on a Tuesday, they begin on the Monday eight days before. If Rosh Hashana falls on Thursday, they begin the previous Thursday. If Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat, they begin the Monday of that week.Machzor Shadal, Livorno 1856, Volume 2, Folio 1a.

Selichot refers to both the piyyutim that compose the service as well as to the service itself. In most Sephardic communities, selichot services are identical each day. However, some North African communities recited different selichot on Mondays, Thursdays and Shabbat, following the order in Siftei Renanot, while keeping the "standard" order on days without Torah Reading.{{cite web|url=http://www.ykr.org.il/modules/Videos/page/418|title=סליחות – ג'רבא ולוב- שפתי רננות -|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825212628/http://www.ykr.org.il/modules/Videos/page/418|url-status=dead}} In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, although the text and length of specific prayers varies from day to day, the overall format remains the same and is prefaced by Ashrei ({{bibleverse||Psalms|145|HE}}) and the Half-Kaddish. In the Western Ashkenazic tradition, there is similarly an overall format, but it begins with Adon Olam or Lecha Hashem Ha'Tzedaka, and the Half-Kaddish follows the first set of the thirteen attributes.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEVjAAAAIAAJ|title=סדר סליחות מכול השנה כמנהג אשכנז|first1=וולף|last1=היידנהיים|first2=Shalom ben Jacob|last2=Cohen|date=1 January 1833|publisher=ג. להרברגר|via=Google Books}}

Selichot are usually recited between midnight and dawn. Some recite it at night after the Maariv prayer, or in the morning before Shacharit, due to the convenience of synagogue attendance when a prayer is already taking place there.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The most popular night of Selichot in the Ashkenazi tradition is the first night, when many women and girls as well as men and boys attend the late-night service on Saturday night. In some communities, the hazzan wears a kittel and sings elaborate melodies. In some congregations, it is not unusual for a choir to participate in this first night's service.[https://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/4350/jewish/What-Are-Selichot.htm What Are Selichot?] In the Eastern Ashkenazic tradition, this night also has more Selichot than any other night prior to Rosh Hashanah eve. The other nights are sometimes more sparsely attended and those services are often led by a layperson, rather than a trained musician, and with melodies that are less elaborate than the first night.

In addition to the Selichot of the High Holiday period, the recitation of Selichot on Yom Kippur itself is the centerpiece and most important part of the liturgy,See Jacob ben Asher, Tur OC 620. recited in all of the prayers of the day. Beginning in the late 19th Century,Daniel Goldschimdt, Yom Kippur Machzor, [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=22323&st=&pgnum=12&hilite= page 13] if the introduction. many communities in Eastern Europe stopped reciting Selichot except at Maariv and Neilah.A practice very strongly criticized by Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein in Aruch Hashulchan OC 620:1. Western Ashkenazic communities, as well as a small number of Eastern Ashkenazic communities, maintain the recitation of Selichot in all of the prayers of Yom Kippur. Italian rite communities recite Selichot on Yom Kippur in all of the prayers except Musaf. Sephardic communities also recite Selichot at all of the prayers of Yom Kippur, although they recite them after the Chazzan's repetition rather than as a part of it.

Categories of Selichot in the Ashkenazic tradition may include:

• {{Transliteration|he|Selichah}} ({{lang|he|סליחה}} 'forgiveness') – This is the default Selichah and comprises the vast majority of the Selichot service. These can be subdivided into categories of Sheinya (with two line stanzas), Shelishiya (with three line stanzas) and Shalmonit (with four line stanzas).
• {{Transliteration|he|Pizmon}} ({{lang|he|פזמון}} 'chorus') – These central Selichot vary according to the day and contain a chorus which is repeated after each stanza.
• {{Transliteration|he|Akeidah}} ({{lang|he|עקידה}} 'binding', a word which specifically refers to the Binding of Isaac) – This Selichah contains the theme of the Akeidah as a merit for God answering our prayers. In the Ashkenazic selichot rites, these poems are recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, during the Ten Days of Repentance, and on Yom Kippur itself (but not during the first days of selichot prior to the eve of Rosh Hashanah). Depending on the specific rite, these poems are recited immediately before or immediately after the Pizmon.
• {{Transliteration|he|Chatanu}} ({{lang|he|חטאנו}} 'we have sinned') – Starting on the evening before Rosh Hashanah [and in the Western rites, even on the first days] and continuing through Yom Kippur, this Selichah is said after the final recitation of the Thirteen Attributes and before the Vidui confessional. It contains as its refrain, {{lang|he|"חטאנו צורנו סלח לנו יוצרנו"}} ('We have sinned, our Rock; forgive us, our Creator'). Perhaps the most famous Chatanu Selichah is the martyrology from the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah recited in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite during Musaf on Yom Kippur or at other times in other rites. The recitation of this refrain has been partially or entirely abandoned in many communities.
• {{Transliteration|he|Techinah}} ({{lang|he|תחינה}} 'petition') – It is recited during Tachnun at the very end of the Selichot service. In the Ashkenazic selichot rites, these poems are recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah and during the Ten Days of Repentance (but generally not during the first days of selichot prior to the eve of Rosh Hashanah).

On minor fast days (including the Fast of Behav), most communities recite Selichot at some point during the Shacharit service (as opposed to before Shacharit). In contemporary practice, most communities recite these Selichot after the conclusion of the Shacharit Amidah.{{Cite web |url=http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/110,144476/What-are-Selichot-and-when-are-they-recited.html |title=What are "Selichot" and when are they recited? |author=Rabbi Naftali Silberberg |publisher=AskMoses.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/months/basic_questions_and_answers_about_selichot/|title=Selichot, Basic Questions & Answers|publisher=ou.org}} In some communities (especially Western Ashkenazic communities, but also some Eastern Ashkenazic communities), the older practice is maintained to insert the recitation of the Selichot of minor fast days in the middle of the blessing for forgiveness (סלח לנו כי חטאנו) in the repetition of the Shacharit Amidah. The content of many of these prayers is related to the specific fast day.

In Ashkenazic commuinities, Selichot are recited on the Fast of Gedaliah only before the prayer service like the selichot of the High Holidays; in many Sephardic communities, additional selichot are recited after the Amidah just like any other fast day. Selichot are not recited in any community today on the major fast day of Tisha B'Av, although they were recited by the Geonim of Babylonia.Daniel Goldschmidt, Kinot, pages 7–8 of the introduction.

File:Selichot Minhag.jpg, 1766, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland. A full scan of a different copy of this books is available [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990020261870205171/NLI here].]]

In addition to High Holidays and Fast Days, there were communities that recited Selichot on Hoshana Rabbah.See [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=20298&st=&pgnum=440&hilite= Machzor Kol Bo].

Additionally, in the early modern period, there were "shomerim la-boker societies" which recited Selichot on every day of the year that Tachanun is recited.See the order of one such group [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/52629 here]. See also the Shlomo Zalman Geiger, [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=6822&st=&pgnum=10 Divre Kehilot], who describes such a group that had once existed in Frankfurt.

Until approximately the 15th century, there was no set order for selichot, and the chazzan in each community would pick which piyyutim to recite each day.Daniel Goldschimidt, Selichot according to the Lituanian rite, Jerusalem 1970, page 6 of the introduction. Beginning in the 15th century, each region of the Ashkenazic world developed its own order. There are at least thirteen Ashkenazic printed rites for selichot:{{cite book |last=Goldschmidt |first=Daniel |title=Machzor leyamim hanoraim – Yom kippur |year=1970 |publisher=Koren |location=Jerusalem |language=he |page=xiii}}

The following eight are variations of the Western Ashkenazic rite:

1. Frankfurt and its surroundingsFirst printed [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990011675000205171/NLI Augsburg 1536]. This edition follows the Italian Ashkenazic rite, but at the end (beginning on page 106a at the bottom), it prints the Selichot in the Frankfurt rite that are not in the Italian Ashkenazic rite. The last three pages contain an index of the order of the Selichot according to both of these rites. For a later, complete printing of this rite [https://books.google.com/books?id=aAw_AAAAYAAJ&q=%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA see here].
2. AlsaceFor the first edition Frankfurt 1725 [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990004116600205171/NLI see here]. For a later edition, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w149AAAAcAAJ see here].
3. Italian AshkenazimFirst printing [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990011756560205171/NLI approximately 1475]. Goldschmidt mistakenly identifies the first edition as [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/45016 Venice 1600](!), and error of approximately 125 years, with a few editions such as [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990011675000205171/NLI Augsburg 1536] (see the above footnote about this edition regarding the Frankfurt rite) and [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/11808 Venice 1548] in between.
4. Nuremberg and FürthThe first edition [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990018454360205171/NLI Wilhermsdorf 1714] does not appear to be scanned. For a scan of the Fürth 1756 edition [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=DqVEAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=iw&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false see here].
5. Switzerland and SwabiaFor the first edition [https://hebrewbooks.org/45910 Wilhermsdorf 1737].
6. WormsPrinted twice: [https://hebrewbooks.org/42658 The first edition] (1714) lists the differences between this rite and the Frankfurt rite above, and contains those piyyutim which do not appear in the Frankfrut rite. [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990018454380205171/NLI The second editon] (1737) prints the full Selichot in order.
7. CologneOnly one known copy of this printing survives, and it is found in the Bodleian Library. The National Library of Israel has a photocopy of the original, and it has been scanned and is available on Wikicommons
8. FloßPrinted once in [https://books.google.com/books?id=3F49AAAAcAAJ&dq=%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1&pg=PP6 Sulzbach 1843].

The following five are variations of the Eastern Ashkenazic rite:

1. Poland (Polin)First edition [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990029206860205171/NLI Lublin 1603]. For a later edition in clearer font, [https://books.google.co.il/books?id=0jQ6AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=iw&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false see here].
2. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and HungaryFirst edition [https://diglib.hab.de/drucke/le-14-4f/start.htm Prague 1529]. For a later edition in clearer font, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yfdjAAAAcAAJ see here].
3. Lithuania and Samogitia (Lita and Zamut)First edition [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990029052060205171/NLI Amsterdam 1651] (with no scan available). See [https://books.google.com/books?id=gd5jAAAAcAAJ here] for a scan of a later edition the selichot according to this rite.
4. Poznań and GrodnoFirst edition [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990030178030205171/NLI Prague 1608] (with no scan available). See [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990020269520205171/NLI here] for a scan of a later edition the selichot according to this rite.
5. Old Synagogue in PragueFirst edition [https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH990011635100205171/NLI Prague 1605].

Among 21st century Ashkenazi Jewish communities, the Polin and Lita variations are dominant, although Bohemia is the most common in England. Some associate Lita with Nusach Ashkenaz and Polin with Nusach Sefard, likely because in early 20th Century most Jews in Poland had adopted Nusach Sefard, whereas most Jews in Lithuania maintained Nusach Ashkenaz. However, the differences between Polin and Lita Selichot have origins over a hundred years before the advent of Nusach Sefard, and the minhagim were geographic rather than ideological. Chabad recites Selichot according to Nusach Lita because they are from Lithuania, and there are Polish mitnagdim who recite Selichot according to Nusach Polin.

The poems recited in the major variations, with their assigned numbers, for the days proceeding Rosh Hashanah and the Ten Days of Repentance (but not including the Selichot for the prayers of Yom Kippur itself), are as follows (page numbers in superscript to the right):

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/view/day_cdo/aid/156802/jewish/selichot.htm Chabad.org: Selichot]
• [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/selichot Jewish Virtual Library: Selichot]
• [https://www.sefaria.org/Selichot_Nusach_Ashkenaz_Lita?lang=bi Text of Selichot (Ashkenazi Lita rite) with English translation]

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