Selim I

Selim was born in Amasya on 10 October 1470 as the son of Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of his grandfather Mehmed II. His mother was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, a Pontic Greek concubine, formerly confused with Ayşe Hatun, another consort of Bayezid and daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the eleventh ruler of the Dulkadirids.{{cite book|author=Necdet Sakaoğlu|author-link=:tr:Necdet Sakaoğlu|title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WUMAQAAMAAJ&q=%C3%82i%C5%9Fe+h%C3%A2tun|publisher=Oğlak publications|year=2008|page=136|isbn=978-975-329-623-6}}{{cite book|first=Anthony Dolphin |last=Alderson|title=The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj64AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Structure+of+the+Ottoman+Dynasty|year=1956|publisher=Clarendon Press}}{{cite book|author=Leslie P. Peirce|title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=106–107|isbn=978-0-19-508677-5}} In 1479 at the age of nine, he was sent by his grandfather to Istanbul to be circumcised along with his brothers. In 1481, his grandfather Mehmed II died and his father became Sultan Bayezid II. Six years later in 1487, he was sent by his father to Trabzon to serve there as governor.

Shah Ismail's brother Ibrahim marched on Trabzon, which belonged to the Ottomans, with an army of 3,000 in 1505.{{sfnp|Mikhail|2020|p=164}}[https://www.academia.edu/42900926/Ottoman-Safavid_Relations_under_Bayezid_II_1501-1512_ Ottoman-Safavid Relations under Bayezid II (1501-1512)] {{Web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519200344/https://www.academia.edu/42900926/Ottoman-Safavid_Relations_under_Bayezid_II_1501-1512_ |date=19 May 2022 }}, 2020. F. Papadimitriou. Thereupon, Selim went on an expedition against Ibrahim. With 450 soldiers under the command of Selim, he repelled the army of 3,000 under the command of Ibrahim and chased the Safavids to Erzincan.{{sfnp|Mikhail|2020}}{{pn|date=June 2025}} As a result of this expedition, Shah Ismail complained about Selim to Sultan Bayezid II, but he did not get any results.{{sfnp|Mikhail|2020}}{{pn|date=June 2025}}

In 1507, the Safavids under the command of Shah Ismail organized an expedition against Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt of Dulkadir. During this expedition, Shah Ismail, who had crossed into Ottoman territory without permission, also included Turkmen warriors who were Ottoman subjects in his army.{{Cite web |title=ŞAH İSMÂİL - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sah-ismail#:~:text=913%20(1507)%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda,ederek%20Tebriz%E2%80%99e%20d%C3%B6nd%C3%BC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503083728/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sah-ismail#:~:text=913%20(1507)%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda,ederek%20Tebriz%E2%80%99e%20d%C3%B6nd%C3%BC |archive-date=2019-05-03 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=islamansiklopedisi.org.tr |language=en}} These actions of Shah Ismail were a violation of Ottoman sovereignty. Bayezid II did not respond to these violations, but Selim, the governor of Trabzon at the time, attacked Erzincan and Bayburt, which belonged to the Safavids, and defeated the 10,000 men Safavid army sent by Shah Ismail in Erzincan.{{Cite web |title=SELİM I |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/selim-i |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}

After Selim's last actions, Shah Ismail sent an army to Trabzon again in 1510. This army, under the command of Shah Ismail's brother, marched to Trabzon. However, Selim, who was in Trabzon, defeated the Safavids.{{sfnp|Mikhail|2020}}{{pn|date=June 2025}}

{{Main|Georgian campaign (1508)}}

In 1507 Selim successfully defeated the Safavid army at Erzincan. The following year, in 1508, he organised an attack against Georgia. He invaded and captured western Georgia bringing Imereti and Guria under Ottoman rule. During his campaign he enslaved a large number of women, girls and boys, reportedly more than 10,000 Georgians.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hK4cDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 The Making of Selim: Succession, Legitimacy, and Memory in the Early Modern Ottoman World]. H. Erdem Cipa. Indiana University Press.

{{Main|Battle of Tekirdag}}

As a result of the struggle for the throne that Selim started against his father, Sultan Bayezid II, in 1512, a battle was fought between the parties near Tekirdag. Selim lost the battle.

{{Main|Battle of Yenişehir (1513)}}

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate to succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue his rule over the empire, announced Ahmed as heir apparent to the throne. Angered by this announcement, Selim rebelled, and while he lost the first battle against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father. Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas his father led 40,000. Selim only escaped with 3,000 men. This marked the first time that an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with an army of his own.{{Sfnp|Mikhail|2020}} Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of present-day Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman2.html The Classical Age, 1453–1600] Retrieved on 16 September 2007 Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) and nephews to death upon his accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal heir to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support failed to materialize.{{Sfnp|Savory|2007|page= 40}} This fratricidal policy was motivated by bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim's father and his uncle, Cem Sultan, and between Selim himself and his brother Ahmet.

{{Main|Celali rebellions}}

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi population began an open rebellion while Selim I was the sultan, and they seem to have been backed by the Qizilbash of Safavid Iran. This led to harsh reprisals against the Alevis by the Ottoman Army under Selim I.

{{Main|Battle of Chaldiran}}

File:Battle of Chaldiran (1514).jpg in Isfahan]]

One of Selim's first challenges as sultan involved the growing tension between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail, who had recently brought the Safavids to power and had switched the Persian state religion from Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam. By 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,BBC, ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml LINK]) southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Armenia, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and had made the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.{{Cite web |title=History of Iran: Safavid Empire 1502–1736 |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/safavids/safavids.php |access-date=16 December 2014}}{{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&q=shah+ismail+conquers+armenia&pg=PA165 |title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia |year=2013 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1780230702 |access-date=15 December 2014}} He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west. In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion. His mufti, ibn Kemal, issued a fatwa of takfir against shah Ismail I and his followers, declaring his lands the abode of war.{{cite journal |last1=Bulut |first1=Halil İbrahim |title=Osmanlı-Safevî Mücadelesinde Ulemanın Rolü Kemal Paşazâde Örneği |journal=Dini Araştırmalar |date=1 June 2005 |volume=7 |issue=21 |pages=179–196 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/da/issue/4458/61458 |access-date=17 April 2025 |language=tr |issn=1301-966X}}{{cite web |title=Osmanlı’nın Şia ile Mücâdelesinde İbn-i Kemâl (Kemâlpaşazâde)’in Rolü |url=https://darulislam.com.tr/osmanli-sia-mucadelesinde-ibn-kemal-kemalpasazade/ |website=Dâru'l-İslâm |access-date=17 April 2025 |language=tr |date=15 February 2017}}

Early in his reign, Selim created a list of all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in a number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, his forces rounded up and executed all the Shiites they could find. Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was the largest in Ottoman history, until the end of the 19th century.{{Sfnp|Mikhail|2020|pp=258–259}}

In 1514 Selim I attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismā'il had exchanged a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack. On his march to face Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfnp|Karagoz|2017|p=72}} Selim I defeated Ismā'il at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.Michael Axworthy Iran: Empire of the Mind (Penguin, 2008) p. 133 Ismā'il's army was more mobile and his soldiers better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on 5 September,{{Cite book |last=Housley |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQP2F2q9xDkC |title=The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198221364 |page=120 |author-link=Norman Housley |access-date=4 March 2020}} but did not linger. The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: the reluctance of Shah Ismail to accept the advantages of modern firearms and the importance of artillery proved decisive.{{Cite web |title=Morgan, David. Shah Isma'il and the Establishment of Shi'ism |url=http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/morgan.html |access-date=20 March 2012 |publisher=Coursesa.matrix.msu.edu |archive-date=25 April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425084830/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/morgan.html |url-status=dead }} After the battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the point of losing his mind and totally neglectful of the affairs of the state".{{Cite book |title=The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500–1900 |first=Rudolph P. |last=Matthee |page=77}}

Following their victory, the Ottomans captured the Safavid capital city of Tabriz on 7 September,{{sfnp|Mikaberidze|2015|page=242}} which they first pillaged and then evacuated. That week's Friday sermon in mosques throughout the city was delivered in Selim's name.{{sfnp|Mikhail|2020}}{{pn|date=June 2025}} Selim was however unable to press on after Tabriz due to the discontent amongst the janissaries.{{sfnp|Mikaberidze|2015|page=242}} The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and Upper Mesopotamia from the Safavids. These areas changed hands several times over the following decades; however, the Ottoman hold would not be set until the 1555 Peace of Amasya following the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555). Effective governmental rule and eyaletswould not be established over these regions until the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.

{{Main|Battle of Marj Dabiq}}

File:Mercidabık Muharebesi3.png

Selim I launched an attack on the Mamluks in 1516. The Ottoman army and the Mamluk army met near Marj Dabiq. The Mamluk army advanced and on 20 August made camp at the plain of Marj Dabiq, a day's journey north of Aleppo. There, al-Ghawri and his men awaited the enemy's approach on this plain, where the sultanate's fate would soon be decided.{{Cite book |last=Sir William Muir |url=http://archive.org/details/mamelukeorslaved00sirw |title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder |others=Duquesne University Gumberg Library |page=199 }} According to the History of Egypt composed by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Iyas, the Mamluks arranged themselves with the Sultan occupying the center column. Sibay, the Governor of Damascus, commanded the right flank, and Khai'r Bey, governor of Aleppo, took the left.

The marshal Sûdûn Adjami was the first to enter combat, followed by Sibay, leading an experienced corps of veteran Mamluk warriors. They rushed into battle and managed to kill several thousand Turkish soldiers in the first hours of fighting. This advantage forced the opposite Ottoman wing to begin a withdrawal, and the Mamluk forces under Sibay succeeded in taking several pieces of artillery and capturing some fusiliers. Selim considered retreat or requesting a truce.{{cite book |last1=Ibn Iyas |first1=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad |editor1-last=Wiet |editor1-first=Gaston |author-link=Gaston Wiet |title=Journal d'un Bourgeois du Caire |page=67 }}

It was at this point that the battle turned against the Mamluks. A rumor began to spread that al-Ghawri had ordered the recruits to hold their position, avoid combat, and leave the fighting to the veteran soldiers who were already engaged in battle. When Marshall Sûdûn Adjami and Sibay, who were leading the attack, were suddenly killed, panic broke out in the Mamluks' advancing right flank. Meanwhile, Khai'r Bey, in command of the left flank, called for a retreat. The fact that his forces were the first to quit the field was considered evidence of the man's betrayal.

Ibn Iyas offered the following account of the Mamluk defeat:

{{blockquote|The sultan stood under his standard and called to his soldiers: "Aghas! This is the moment to take heart! Fight, and I will reward you!" But no one listened and the men fled from the battle. "Pray to God to give us victory!" Called al-Ghawri. This is the moment for prayer." But he found neither support nor defenders. He then began to feel an unquenchable fire. This was a particularly hot day, and an unusual fog of dust had risen between the armies. It was the day of God's anger directed against the Egyptian army, which stopped fighting. At the worst moment, and with the situation growing worse, the emir Timur Zardkash feared for the safety of the battle standard, lowered and stowed it, then came to find the sultan. He said to him: "Lord Sultan, the Ottoman army has defeated us. Save yourself and flee to Aleppo." When the sultan realized this, he was gripped by a sort of paralysis that affected the side of his body, and his jaw dropped open. He asked for water, which was brought to him in a golden goblet. He drank some, turned his horse to flee, advanced two paces, and fell from his saddle. After that, little by little, he surrendered his soul.}}Selim I, welcomed by the inhabitants as a deliverer from the excesses of the Mamluks, entered Aleppo in triumph.{{Cite book |last=Sir William Muir |url=http://archive.org/details/mamelukeorslaved00sirw |title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder |others=Duquesne University Gumberg Library |page=200}} He received the Abbasid caliph warmly, but upbraided the Islamic judges and jurists for their failure to check Mamluk misrule. Joined by Khai'r Bey and other Egyptian officers, he proceeded to the Citadel.{{Cite book |last=Sir William Muir |url=http://archive.org/details/mamelukeorslaved00sirw |title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder |others=Duquesne University Gumberg Library |page=200}}

From Aleppo, he marched with his forces to Damascus, where terror prevailed. Beyond some attempts to protect the city by flooding the plain around, the remnants of the Mamluk forces had done nothing substantial to oppose the enemy. Discord amongst the emirs had paralyzed the army and prevented any decisive action that might have affected the subsequent course of events.{{Cite book |last=Sir William Muir |url=http://archive.org/details/mamelukeorslaved00sirw |title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder |others=Duquesne University Gumberg Library |page=200}} Some of al-Ghawri's lieutenants supported Emir Janberdi Al-Ghazali as the new sultan, but others favoured the deceased ruler's son.{{Cite book |last=Sir William Muir |url=http://archive.org/details/mamelukeorslaved00sirw |title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder |others=Duquesne University Gumberg Library |page=200}} As the Ottomans approached, however, resistance dissolved, as the remaining forces either went over to their side or fled to Egypt. Selim I entered Damascus in mid-October, and the inhabitants readily surrendered to the conquerors.

{{Main|Battle of Ridaniya}}

Sultan Tuman bay II now resolved himself to march out as far as Salahia, and there meet the Turks wearied by the desert march; however, at the last he yielded to his Emirs who entrenched themselves at Ridanieh a little way out of the city. By this time, the Ottomans were crossing the Sinai Peninsula and having reached Arish, were marching unopposed by Salahia and Bilbeis to Khanqah; on January 20 they reached Birkat al Hajj, a few hours from the Capital. Two days later the main body confronted the Egyptian entrenchment, while a party crossing Mocattam Hill took them in the flank. The Battle of Ridanieh was fought January 22, 1517. With a band of devoted followers, Tuman threw himself into the midst of the Ottoman ranks, and even reached Sinan Pasha's tent and personally killed him, thinking he was Selim. But in the end the Egyptians were routed, and fled two miles up the Nile. The Ottomans then entered the City of Cairo unopposed. They took the Citadel and slew the entire Circassian garrison, while all around the streets became the scene of terrible outrage. Selim I himself occupied an island close to Bulac. The following day his Vizier, entering the city, endeavored to stop the wild rapine of the troops; and the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III, who had followed in Selim's train, led the public service invoking blessing on his name. The Caliph's prayer as given by Ibn Ayas.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

{{blockquote|O Lord, uphold the Sultan, Monarch both of land and the two Seas; Conqueror of both Hosts; King of both Iracs{{sic}}; Minister of both Holy cities; the great Prince Selim Shah! Grant him Thy heavenly aid and glorious victories ! O King of the present and the future, Lord of the Universe!}}

{{Main|Capture of Cairo (1517)}}

After the battle of Ridaniya (23 January 1517) Selim encamped on the island of Vustaniye (or Burac) facing Cairo, the capital. But he didn't enter Cairo. Because Tumanbay II the sultan of the Mamluks as well as Kayıtbay another leader of the Mamluks had managed to escape, Selim decided to concentrate on arresting the leaders before entering Cairo. Thus he sent only a vanguard regiment to Cairo on 26 January. Although the regiment was able to enter the capital without much fighting, the same night Tumanbay also secretly came to the capital. With the assistance of some Cairo citizens, he raided the Ottoman forces in the capital and began controlling Cairo. After hearing the news of Tumanbay's presence in Cairo, Selim sent his Janissaries to the city. After several days' fighting the Ottoman forces entered the city on 3 February 1517. Selim entered the city and sent messages of victory ({{langx|tr|zafername}}) to other rulers about the conquest of Cairo. Nevertheless, the leaders of the Mamluks were still on the loose.Joseph von Hammer: Geschichte der osmanischen Dichtkunst Vol I (translation: Mehmet Ata) Milliyet yayınları, pp 275–276.

Tumanbay escaped from Cairo and tried to organize a new army composed of Egyptians together with what was left out of the Mamluk army. His army was smaller in size and capacity compared to the Ottoman army. But he was planning to raid Selim's camp on Vustatiye island. However, Selim heard about his plan and sent a force on Tumanbay to forestall his plans. After some small-scale clashes, Tumanbay was arrested on 26 March 1517. Selim's initial decision was to send Mamluk notables to İstanbul. But after a while, he changed his decision. Tumanbay and the other notable Mamluks were executed on 13 April 1517 at the Bab Zuweila by a former Mamluk commander who had switched sides.Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991, p 250.

The Battle of Cairo was an attempt by Sultan Tuman Bay II's forces to liberate Cairo from Ottoman rule in January 1517.{{Cite web |title=Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi (2.01.0.2154) |url=https://kutuphane.ttk.gov.tr/details?id=545493&materialType=KT&query=Askeri+Tarih |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=kutuphane.ttk.gov.tr}} Although the Mamluks were successful in the first raid, they were later defeated when Selim I personally took control of the Ottoman army and lost control of the city again. Realizing that he could no longer resist, Sultan Tuman Bay retreated to the Giza region. After a two-month pursuit, he was captured on March 30 and executed in Cairo on April 13.{{Cite book |last=Emecen |first=Feridun M. |title=Yavuz Sultan Selim |date=2021 |publisher=Kapı Yayınları |isbn=978-605-5147-62-4 |edition=5.-6. basım |series=Kapı yayınları Tarih |location=Istanbul |pages=282–294}}

{{main|Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)}}

File:Abraham Ortelius - Tvrcici imperii descriptio.jpg, from the Theatro d'el Orbe de la Tierra de Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, 1602, updated from the 1570 edition]]

Sultan Selim then conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Battle of Ridanieh (22 January 1517). This led to the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine in Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, and ultimately Egypt itself. This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman power to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, hitherto under Egyptian rule. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Ruler of The Two Holy Cities, he accepted the more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Servant of The Two Holy Cities.[http://www.sevgi.k12.tr/~ottomanempire/ingosmanli/Sultans/yavuz_sultan_selim_government.htm Yavuz Sultan Selim Government] {{webarchive|url= https://archive.today/20070929100524/http://www.sevgi.k12.tr/~ottomanempire/ingosmanli/Sultans/yavuz_sultan_selim_government.htm |date= 29 September 2007}} Retrieved on 16 September 2007

The last Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at the time of the Ottoman conquest. He was subsequently sent into exile in Istanbul. In the eighteenth century, a story emerged claiming that he had officially transferred his title to the Caliphate to Selim at the time of the conquest. In fact, Selim did not make any claim to exercise the sacred authority of the office of caliph, and the notion of an official transfer was a later invention.{{Cite book |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923 |date=2005 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7 |location=New York |pages=110–111}}

After conquering Damascus in 1516, Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb of Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis.{{Cite book |last=Burak |first=Guy |title=The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Ḥanafī School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09027-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=2}}

File:Kansu_Gavri_Ölü.png being remitted to Selim I]]

Mamluk culture and social organization persisted at a regional level, and the hiring and education of Mamluk "slave" soldiers continued, but the ruler of Egypt was an Ottoman governor protected by an Ottoman militia.{{cite book |author=Saraiya Faroqhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0p2cfVe6EEC&pg=PA60 |title=The Ottoman Empire: A Short History |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=9781558764491 |pages=60ff}}{{cite book |author=Caroline Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmc4HSC5XWgC&pg=PA6 |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |year=2008 |isbn=9789774162053 |page=6}} The fall of the Mamluk Sultanate effectively put an end to the Portuguese–Mamluk naval war, but the Ottomans then took over the attempts to stop Portuguese expansion in the Indian Ocean.

The conquest of the Mamluk Empire also opened up the territories of Africa to the Ottomans. During the 16th century, Ottoman power expanded further west of Cairo, along the coasts of northern Africa. The corsair Hayreddin Barbarossaestablished a base in Algeria, and later accomplished the Conquest of Tunis in 1534.

Following his capture in Cairo, Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was brought to Constantinople, where later tradition claims he ceded his office as caliph to the Ottomans.{{cite book |last=Muir |first=William |url=https://archive.org/stream/mamelukeorslaved00sirw#page/207/ |title=The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. |publisher=Smith, Elder |year=1896 |pages=207–213}} This established the Ottoman Caliphate, with the sultan as its head, thus transferring religious authority from Cairo to the Ottoman throne.{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648 |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf}}

Cairo remained in Ottoman hands until the 1798 French conquest of Egypt, when Napoleon I claimed to eliminate the Mamluks.{{cite book |author=André Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdLALt9AbQQC&pg=PA189 |title=Cairo |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780674003163 |page=189}}

The conquest of the Mamluks was the largest military venture any Ottoman Sultan had ever attempted. In addition, the conquest put the Ottomans in control of two of the largest cities in the world at the time- Constantinople and Cairo. Not since the height of the Roman Empire had the Black, Red, Caspian, and Mediterranean seas been governed by a single empire.{{cite book |last1=Mikhail |first1=Alan |title=God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World |date=2020 |publisher=Liveright |isbn=978-1631492396}}

The conquest of Egypt proved extremely profitable for the empire as it produced more tax revenue than any other Ottoman territory and supplied about 100% of all food consumed. However, Mecca and Medina were the most important of all the cities conquered since it officially made Selim and his descendants the Caliphs of the entire Muslim world until the early 20th century.

File:Yavuz Mısır Seferi.jpg

File:Selim I - deathbed.jpg

File:Selim I Tomb.jpg of Selim I in his mosque]]

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in the ninth year of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said that Selim succumbed to a mistreated carbuncle. Some historians, however, suggest that he died of cancer or that his physician poisoned him.{{Cite book |title=A Century of Giants. A.D. 1500 to 1600: in an age of spiritual genius, western Christendom shatters |publisher=The Society to Explore and Record Christian History |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9689873-9-1 |editor-last=Byfeld |editor-first=Ted |page=9}} Other historians have noted that Selim's death coincided with a period of plague in the empire, and have added that several sources imply that Selim himself suffered from the disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim died and was brought to Istanbul, so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque, which his son and successor, Sultan Suleiman I, commissioned in loving memory of his father. Selim I had conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting the lands in Europe, he gave priority to the East, as he believed the real danger came from there.{{Cite book |last=Varlık |first=Nükhet |url=https://archive.org/details/plagueempireinea0000varl/page/164 |title=Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347–1600 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107013384 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plagueempireinea0000varl/page/164 164–165]}}{{Cite book |last=Gündoğdu |first=Raşit |title=Sultans of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Rumuz Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9786055112158 |location=Istanbul |pages=262–263}}

File:İstanbul - Yavuz Selim Camii - Mart 2013 - r2.JPG was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I in memory of his father Selim I, who died in 1520. The architect was Alaüddin (Acem Alisi).{{Sfnp|Necipoğlu|2005|pp=93–94}}]]

File:Yavuz Sultan I. Selim Han.jpg

File:Yavuz Selim.jpg

File:I.SelimCülus.jpg

File:Selim I & Piri Mehmed Paşa.jpg]]

File:Yavuz Selim Han.jpg

By most accounts, Selim had a fiery temper and had very high expectations of those below him. Several of his viziers were executed for various reasons. A famous anecdote relates how another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for some preliminary notice of his doom so that he might have time to put his affairs in order. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had been thinking of having the vizier killed but had no one fit to take his place, otherwise he would gladly oblige. A popular Ottoman curse was "May you be a vizier of Selim's!" in reference to the number of viziers he had executed.{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Mike |title=The Ottoman Empire's Life-or-Death Race |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-ottoman-empires-life-or-death-race-164064882/ |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine}}

Selim was one of the empire's most successful and respected rulers, being energetic and hardworking. During his short eight years of ruling, he accomplished momentous success. Despite the length of his reign, many historians agree that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to reach its zenith under the reign of his son and successor, Suleiman the Magnificent.Necdet Sakaoğlu, Bu Mülkün Sultanları, p. 127

Selim was bilingual in Turkish and Persian, with the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that he was "very fond of speaking Persian".{{cite book |last1=Inan |first1=Murat Umut |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Nile |editor1-link=Nile Green |title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |page=80 |chapter=Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World}}{{cite book |last=Kia|first=Mana|chapter=Imagining Iran before Nationalism: Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar's Atashkadeh|editor1-last=Aghaie |editor1-first=Kamran Scot |editor2-last=Marashi |editor2-first=Afshin |editor-link2=Afshin Marashi|title=Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity |date=2014 |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=110–111 (note 81)}} He was also a distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verseBertold Spuler, Persian Historiography and Geography, (Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2003), 68; "On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [..]..where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian." under the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry are extant today.

In a letter to his rival, while equating himself with Alexander, Selim calls his rival Ismail the "Darius of our days".{{cite book|title=Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq|page=39|year=2011|author=Karen M. Kern}} Paolo Giovio, in a work written for Charles V, says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old.{{cite book|author=Donald Presgrave Little|year=1976|page=227|title=Essays on Islamic civilization presented to Niyazi Berkes}}

While marching into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death, and began writing insulting letters to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

{{blockquote|They, who by perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk from danger, but their breast ought, like the shield, to be held out to encounter peril; they ought, like the helm, to affront the foeman's blow.}}

Ismail responded to Selim's third message, quoted above, by having an envoy deliver a letter accompanied by a box of opium. The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work of an unqualified writer on drugs. Selim was enraged by the Shah's denigration of his literary talent and ordered the Persian envoy to be torn to pieces.Crider, Elizabeth Fortuato (1969). [http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1224163441 The Foreign Relations of the Ottoman Empire Under Selim I, 1512–1520] (Master's Thesis). Ohio State University, 1969, p. 20. Retrieved on 12 April 2011

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic front as well. Opposed to Shah Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting his Sunni beliefs), Selim I and his father before him "did not really accept his basic political and religious legitimacy,"Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era. p, 81. beginning the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era. p. 82. After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance for Shah Ismail disintegrated, and he began a short era of closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire's central location to completely cut the ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest of the world.Küçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah İsmail's Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia." University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2008). p. 12. Even though the raw materials for important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within the Ottoman Empire itself,Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and others. p. 237. he imposed a strict embargo on Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy. For a short amount of time, the silk resources were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but by 1517, Selim I had conquered the Mamluk state and the trade fully came to a standstill.Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and others. p. 238. So strict was this embargo that, "merchants who had been incautious enough not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned," and to emphasize frontier security, sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who did not have any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.Küçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah İsmail's Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia." University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences7, no. 1 (2008). p. 11. Iranian merchants were barred from entering the borders of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I. Shah Ismail received revenue via customs duties, therefore after the war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry, Selim I halted trade with the Safavids—even at the expense of his empire's own silk industry and citizens.

This embargo and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his son Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons.{{Cite book |last=Farooqi |first=Naimur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ubaydullah+Khan |title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748 |year=2008 |access-date=25 March 2014}} In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations. From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in sieges), which would give him an important advantage in India.{{Citation |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC |pages=27–29 |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |author-link=Abraham Eraly}}

Selim I had two known consorts:

• Hafsa Hatun, mother of Suleiman the Magnificent;{{Cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Sarah S. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSAgWRwoU5YC |title=New Approaches to Popular Romance Fiction: Critical Essays |last2=Selinger |first2=Eric Murphy |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-8967-1 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}
• Ayşe Hatun, who entered into Selim's harem after the death of her first consort, Selim's half-brother Şehzade MehmedIlya V. Zaytsev, The Structure of the Giray Dynasty (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans in Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova, R. B. Rybakov (ed.), Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10–15 July 2005, p. 341

Selim I had at least six sons:

• Şehzade Salih (died 1499, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon){{Cite book |last=Şen |first=Zafer |title=Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Trabzon'da Medfun Bilinmeyen Kızı Kamer Sultan ve oğlu Şehzade Salih}}
• Şehzade Orhan (? – before 1520)
• Şehzade Musa (? – before 1520)
• Şehzade Korkud (? – before 1520){{Cite book |last=A. D. Alderson |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69864 |title=The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty |date=1956 |publisher=Government of India: Department of Archaeology |page=Table XXIX. Selim I and his family}}
• Suleiman I (1494–1566) – with Hafsa Hatun. Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, became sultan after his father's death.{{cite web | last=Keskin | first=Özkan Özer | title=Başlangıcından 19. yüzyıla kadar Trabzon Gülbahar Hatun vakfı | publisher=Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü | date=2018| url=https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/679745 | page=29}}{{cite journal | last=Bostan | first=M. Hanefi | title=Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Şehzâdelik Dönemi (1487-1512) | journal=Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi | date=1 May 2019 | url=https://tkidergisi.com/tki-dergisi/yavuz-sultan-selimin-sehzdelik-donemi-1487-1512 | language=tr | pages=1–86}}{{cite journal | last=Usta | first=Veysel | title=Şehzade Süleyman'ın (Kanuni) Travzon'da Doğduğu Ev Meselesi | journal=Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi | publisher=Karadeniz Incelemeleri Dergisi | volume=13 | issue=26 | date=21 March 2019 | issn=2146-4642 | doi=10.18220/kid.562304 | pages=397–414| doi-access=free }}
• Üveys Pasha (1512–1547). Illegitimate son, governor of Yemen

Selim I had at least nine daughters:

• Hatice Sultan (ante 1494 - post 1543) - daughter of Hafsa. Married twice, she had five sons and at least three daughters{{cite journal |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire |journal=Turcica |volume=41 |date=2009 |pages=3–36|doi=10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287}}
• {{Cite book |last=Şahin |first=Kaya |title=Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03442-6 |pages=51}}
• {{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie |title=Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire |year=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |page=157 |quote=Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.}}{{Cite book |last=Turan |first=Ebru |title=The marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536) – The rise of Sultan Süleyman's favourite to the grand vizierate and the politics of the elites in the early sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire |year=2009 |pages=14, 25}}{{Cite book |last=Gök |first=İlhan |title=II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis) |year=2014 |pages=1464, 1465, 1469}}
• Fatma Sultan (ante 1494 - 1566) - daughter of Hafsa. Married three times, maybe she had two daughters.{{cite book | last1=Türe | first1=D.F. | last2=Türe | first2=F. | title=Women's Memory: The Problem of Sources | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4438-3265-6 | page=65}}{{cite book | last1=Ayvansarayî | first1=H.H. | last2=Crane | first2=H. | title=The Garden of the Mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin Al-Ayvansarayî's Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul | publisher=Brill | series=Brill Book Archive Part 1 | year=2000 | isbn=978-90-04-11242-1 | page=175}}
• Hafize Hafsa Sultan (ante 1494 - 10 July 1538) - daughter of Hafsa. She married twice and had a son.
• Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559) - daughter of Hafsa. Called also Peykhan Sultan. Married in 1513 to Ferhad Pasha. She had at least one daughter, Esmehan Hanımsultan.
• Gevherhan Sultan (born in 1494), married in 1509 to her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir. They had no known children and she was widowed in 1514 when Mehmed died at the Battle of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet I, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's son, Ahmed Pasha.
• Şah Sultan (1500–1572),{{Cite book |last=Haskan |first=Mehmet Nermi |title=Eyüp Sultan Tarihi, Vol. 2 |publisher=Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları |year=2008 |isbn=978-9-756-08704-6 |pages=535}} called also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan. married in 1523 to Lütfi Pasha (div.).{{Cite book |last=Haskan |first=Mehmet Nermi |title=Eyüp Sultan Tarihi, Vol. 2 |publisher=Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları |year=2008 |isbn=978-9-756-08704-6 |pages=535}}
• Şahzade Sultan (died in 1529), known also as Sultanzade Sultan, she married Çoban Mustafa Pasha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one daughter, Ayşe Hanımsultan. After her death, her husband married her half-sister Hatice Sultan.
• Kamerşah Sultan (died on 27 September 1503 in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon), called also Kamer Sultan;
• Yenişah Sultan (? - ?). She married Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.
• Hanım Sultan. Is uncertain of she was really existed or if Hanım is the second name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan.

• The drillship Yavuz is named after Selim I
• A third bridge over the Bosphorus in Istanbul is called the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge

• Selim I appears as an important character in the action-adventure video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations{{Cite web |title=Selim I – Assassin's Creed: Revelations Wiki Guide – IGN |date=28 November 2011 |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/assassins-creed-revelations/Selim_I}}
• Selim I is portrayed by Muharrem Gülmez in the Turkish historical television series Magnificent Century{{Cite web |title=The Magnificent Century (TV Series 2011–2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1848220/fullcredits#cast |website=IMDb}}
• Selim I is portrayed as a major antagonist by Mahmoud Nasr in the joint Saudi-Emirati series Kingdoms of Fire{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

• Tuman bay II

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{EB1911|wstitle=Selim |volume=24 |pages=606–607}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Holt |first=P. M. |title=Sultan Selim I and the Sudan |journal=Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=1967 |pages=19–23|doi=10.1017/S0021853700006794 |s2cid=161275064 }}
• {{Cite book |last=Karagoz |first=Huseyn Mirza |title=Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture and Identity |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |editor-last=Issa |editor-first=Tözün |chapter=Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns of migration}}
• {{Cite book |last=Mikhail |first=Alan |title=God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World |date=2020 |publisher=Liveright |author-link=Alan Mikhail |isbn=978-1-631-49239-6}}
• {{Cite book |last=Savory |first=Roger |title=Iran Under the Safavids |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521042512 |location=Cambridge}}
• {{Cite book |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |title=The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-86189-253-9 |location=London}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Holt |first=P. M. |title=Sultan Selim I and the Sudan |journal=Journal of African History |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=1967 |pages=19–23|doi=10.1017/S0021853700006794 |s2cid=161275064 }}
• Winter, Michael. "The Conquest of Syria and Egypt by Sultan Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.

• {{Commons category-inline|Selim I}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|House of Osman||1470/1||22 September 1520}}

{{S-reg|}}

{{S-bef|before=Bayezid II}}

{{S-ttl|title=Sultan of the Ottoman Empire|years=25 April 1512 – 22 September 1520}}

{{S-aft|after=Suleiman I}}

{{s-rel|su}}

{{S-bef|before=al-Mutawakkil III|as= Caliph of Cairo}}

{{S-ttl|title=1st Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty|years=1517–1520}}

{{S-aft|after=Suleiman I}}

{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}

{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}

{{Ottoman princes fighting for the throne}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selim 01}}

Category:1470 births

Category:1520 deaths

Category:16th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Category:Turkish Muslims

Category:Deaths from anthrax

Category:Infectious disease deaths in the Ottoman Empire

Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire

Category:People from Amasya

Category:Suleiman the Magnificent

Category:Turkish poets

Category:Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars

Category:Leaders who took power by coup

Category:Supporters of Ibn Arabi

Category:Divan poets from the Ottoman Empire

Category:16th-century Persian-language poets

Category:Fratricides

Category:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

Category:Ottoman caliphs

Category:Sons of sultans