Sematurinae

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Acylasisis.JPG

| image_caption = Mania species from the collection of Felix Stumpe

| taxon = Sematurinae

| authority =

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision =

Coronidia Westwood, 1879
=Conoris Berthold, 1827 [rejected name]
=Larunda Hübner, 1823 [junior homonym]
=Coronis Latreille, 1829 [junior homonym]
Homidiana Strand, 1914
=Homidia Strand, 1911 [junior homonym]
Mania Hübner, 1821
=Nothus Billberg, 1820 [junior homonym of Nothus Ziegler in Oliver, 1811]
=Sematura Dalman, 1825
=Manidia Westwood, 1879 [unnecessary replacement name]
Lonchotura Hampson, 1918
Anurapteryx Hampson, 1918

}}

Sematurinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Sematuridae represented by at least 29 species in the Neotropics.

Taxonomy, classification and identification

Sematurinae has three principal genera, and possibly another two. The hindwing of Coronidia is distinguished by an iridescent blue band,{{cite web|author=Leptree.net |url=http://www.leptree.net/Coronidia_orithea |title=leptree.net |publisher=leptree.net |date=2007-01-27 |accessdate=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120010033/http://www.leptree.net/Coronidia_orithea |archivedate=2016-01-20 }} but Homidiana characteristically has pink, orange or yellow markings,{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.si.edu/imagegalaxy/imageGalaxy_enlarge.cfm?id_image=5972 |title=sil.si.edu |publisher=sil.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}} especially in females (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The genus Mania is large, brown and tailed, resembling to some extent the genus Lyssa. The approximately twelve other sematurid species in the genera Anurapteryx and Lonchotura are placed here for now (making about 41 species) but may not belong in this subfamily; one species, Anurapteryx crenulata reaches the subtropics of Arizona{{cite web |url=http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zeeb/butterflies/figs/moths/Sematuridae/A_crenulata.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020816064109/http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zeeb/butterflies/figs/moths/Sematuridae/A_crenulata.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-08-16 |title=nitro.biosci.arizona.edu |accessdate=2012-06-12 }} (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The relationships within Sematuridae clearly need deeper investigation.

Note: the name Nothus is preoccupied by a genus of Coleoptera{{cite web |url=http://uio.mbl.edu/pleary/Animalium/index.php?search=page&id=4418 |title=uio.mbl.edu |publisher=uio.mbl.edu |accessdate=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929204810/http://uio.mbl.edu/pleary/Animalium/index.php?search=page&id=4418 |archivedate=2011-09-29 }} (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The genus name Sematura was also in use for this genus, but it was younger (being published in 1825) than Hübner's name Mania from 1821; a petition to conserve the junior name was rejected by the ICZN in Opinion 2352 (2015),[http://iczn.org/node/40515 Opinion 2352 (Case 3531): Sematura Dalman, 1825 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Sematuridae): precedence over Mania Hübner, 1821 not given] so Hübner's name is officially now the valid name for the genus.

Behaviour

The adult moths of Sematurinae are either day or night flying, depending on the genus and have the wings outspread at rest and the genus Sematura displays impressive eyespots at the hindwing tails.

Biology

The biology of Sematurinae is poorly known. The larva of Homidiana was illustrated by Westwood (1879) who incorrectly placed it among Coronidia, and was described by Anton Hermann Fassl (1910). From 1995 to 1998, caterpillars were found in Costa Rica.{{cite web|url=http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu |title=janzen.sas.upenn.edu |publisher=janzen.sas.upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}} Sematurine eggs have been described by Joël Minet and Malcolm J. Scoble (1999:302), and are upright, high, with vertical and finer transverse ribs. The caterpillars of Homidiana subpicta have rows of black spines either side of the dorsal midline and five pairs of prolegs.[http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/2700ARCHIVES/Sematuridae/Coronidia%20subpicta/06-SRNP-4964_DHJ410813.jpg janzen.sas.upenn.edu]{{dead link|date=June 2012}} The larva of Coronidia orithea lacks such spines, and is well camouflaged like a lichen-covered twig[http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Sematuridae/Coronidia%20orithea/95-SRNP-8509_DHJ25681_f.jpg janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu]{{dead link|date=December 2016}} and has realistic-looking false eyes making it resemble a predatory spider.[http://janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu:16080/2700ARCHIVES/Sematuridae/Coronidia%20orithea/95-SRNP-8509_DHJ25677_f.jpg janzen-db.bio.upenn.edu]{{dead link|date=December 2016}} The larvae of Mania were reared in Costa Rica in 2001 and are a bit similar to those of Coronidia being well camouflaged but bearing small projections rather than long spines one the dorsal surface.[http://www.tulane.edu/~ldyer/lsacat/species/uraniidae/ura1/17327g.gif tulane.edu]{{dead link|date=June 2012}} Like some Uraniidae, pupation occurs on the ground among debris. The pupa of Homidiana has a long projecting proboscis "sheath"[http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/2700ARCHIVES/Sematuridae/Coronidia%20subpicta/00-SRNP-9565_DHJ53585_f.jpg janzen.sas.upenn.edu]{{dead link|date=June 2012}} with eight hooklets at the cremaster tip (Minet and Scoble, 1999).

Larval host plants

The caterpillar of Coronidia orithea is so far only known to feed on mistletoes (Viscaceae: Phoradendron quadrangulare). Homidiana subpicta feeds on a more diverse range of plants, including the families Araliaceae (Oreopanax), Gesneriaceae, Piperaceae (Piper), Primulaceae (Ardisia, Myrsine), Solanaceae (Solanum), Onagraceae (Ludwigia) and Theophrastaceae (Clavija).{{cite web|url=http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu |title=janzen.sas.upenn.edu |publisher=janzen.sas.upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}} "Sematura luna"[http://www.tulane.edu/~ldyer/lsacat/species/uraniidae/ura1/ura1.htm tulane.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105153344/http://www.tulane.edu/~ldyer/lsacat/species/uraniidae/ura1/ura1.htm |date=November 5, 2004 }} reared in 2001 whose well-camouflaged larva is reported to feed on the legume Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosoideae) and on Syzygium longifolium (Myrtaceae).

Provisional list of species (based on LepIndex)

Coronidia erecthea Westwood, 1879 [type locality Espiritu Santu, Brazil]{{LepIndex |id=69147 |name=Coronidia erecthea |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Coronidia hyphasis (Hopffer, 1856) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Mexico]{{LepIndex |id=69148 |name=Coronidia hyphasis |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Coronidia orithea (Cramer, Papill. Exot. 3:121) (originally in Phalaena) [type locality Suriname]{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |title=Coronidia Westwood, 1879 |work=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |url=https://nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/geometroidea/sematuridae/coronidia/#orithea |access-date=25 May 2025}}
=? durvillii Guenée, 1857{{LepIndex |id=69150 |name=Coronidia orithea |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia hysudrus Hopffer, 1857{{LepIndex |id=69151 |name=Coronidia orithea |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia boreada Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69152 |name=Coronidia orithea |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Coronidia difficilis Strand, 1911 [type locality Chanchamayo, Peru]{{LepIndex |id=69153 |name=Coronidia difficilis |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia ecuadorensis Strand, 1911{{LepIndex |id=69154 |name=Coronidia difficilis |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana aeneophlebia (Hampson, Novitates Zoologia 25:374) (originally in Homidia){{LepIndex |id=69157 |name=Homidiana aeneophlebia |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana anilina Bryk, 1930 [type locality Bolivia]{{LepIndex |id=69158 |name=Homidiana anilina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana brachyura Hampson, Novit. Zool. 25:373 (originally in Coronidia subg. (Homidiana)){{LepIndex |id=69159 |name=Homidiana brachyura |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana briseis (Westwood, 1879) (originally in Coronidia){{LepIndex |id=69160 |name=Homidiana briseis |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana canace Hopffer, 1856 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907224229/http://data.acnatsci.org/peale/peale.php?mode=specimen&collection=CMNH&specimen=855] [http://www.sil.si.edu/imagegalaxy/imageGalaxy_enlarge.cfm?id_image=5972]{{LepIndex |id=69161 |name=Homidiana canace |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia aeola Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69162 |name=Homidiana canace |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia paulina Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69165 |name=Homidiana egina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronis cana Hopffer, 1856{{LepIndex |id=69163 |name=Homidiana canace |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana egina (Blanchard, 1849) (originally in Coronidia){{LepIndex |id=69164 |name=Homidiana egina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Homidiana nicaraguana Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69166 |name=Homidiana egina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana evenus Boisduval, 1849
=Coronis ducatrix Schaufuss, 1870{{LepIndex |id=69168 |name=Homidiana evenus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Homidia subevenus Strand, 1911{{LepIndex |id=69169 |name=Homidiana evenus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana gueneei (Druce, 1891) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Panama, Mexico]{{LepIndex |id=69170 |name=Homidiana gueneei |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana hoppi (Bryk, 1930) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Colombia]{{LepIndex |id=69171 |name=Homidiana hoppi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana leachi (Godart, 1819) (originally in Ag[u]arista) [type locality Brazil]{{LepIndex |id=69172 |name=Homidiana leachi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Homidiana japet (Blanchard, 1849) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Brazil]{{LepIndex |id=69173 |name=Homidiana leachi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana lederi Pfeiffer, 1925 [type locality Macas, Ecuador]{{LepIndex |id=69174 |name=Homidiana lederi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana leucosticta Hampson, 1918 (originally in Coronidia subg. Homidia) [type locality Peru]{{LepIndex |id=69175 |name=Homidiana leucosticta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana strandi Pfeiffer, 1916 [type locality Peru]{{LepIndex |id=69176 |name=Homidiana strandi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana monotona (Hampson, 1918) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Huaylas, Peru]{{LepIndex |id=69177 |name=Homidiana monotona |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana restincta Strand, 1911 [type locality Macas, Ecuador] (originally in Homidia){{LepIndex |id=69178 |name=Homidiana restincta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana rosina (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Bogota, Colombia]){{LepIndex |id=69179 |name=Homidiana rosina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia columbiana Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69180 |name=Homidiana rosina |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana rubrivena (Dognin, 1919) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Colombia]{{LepIndex |id=69181 |name=Homidiana rubrivena |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana subpicta Walker, 1854{{LepIndex |id=69182 |name=Homidiana subpicta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia biblina Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69184 |name=Homidiana subpicta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Homidiana echenais Hopffer, 1856 [http://www.sil.si.edu/imagegalaxy/imageGalaxy_enlarge.cfm?id_image=5972]{{LepIndex |id=69184 |name=Homidiana subpicta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Coronidia granadina Westwood, 1879{{LepIndex |id=69185 |name=Homidiana subpicta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana tangens (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [type locality Macas, Ecuador]{{LepIndex |id=69186 |name=Homidiana tangens |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana traducta (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [type locality 2–3000 m. Chaco, Bolivia]{{LepIndex |id=69187 |name=Homidiana traducta |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Homidiana westwoodi Oberthür, 1881 (originally in Coronis) [type locality Manazales, Colombia]{{LepIndex |id=69188 |name=Homidiana westwoodi |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Mania aegisthus Fabricius, 1781 [Jamaica/Hispaniola/Cuba] [http://www.mbarnes.force9.co.uk/jamaicamoths/images2/notaeg.htm] [http://www.mbarnes.force9.co.uk/jamaicamoths/images2/notind1.htm "Nothus" species]{{LepIndex |id=69199 |name=Nothus aegisthus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Mania lunigeraria Hübner, 1823 [1825]{{LepIndex |id=69200 |name=Nothus aegisthus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Sematura excavatus Walker, 1854{{LepIndex |id=69201 |name=Nothus aegisthus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Sematura phoebe Guenée, 1857{{LepIndex |id=69202 |name=Nothus aegisthus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Mania diana Guenée, 1857 [Rio de Janeiro]{{LepIndex |id=69203 |name=Nothus diana |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Mania lunus Linnaeus, 1758 [http://www.mbarnes.force9.co.uk/belizemoths/images2/nothind1.htm]{{LepIndex |id=69205 |name=Nothus lunus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Sematura actaeon Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874{{LepIndex |id=69205 |name=Nothus lunus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Mania caudilunaria Hübner, 1823 [1925]{{LepIndex |id=69206 |name=Nothus lunus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Mania empedocles Cramer, 1782 [type locality Suriname] [http://www.ogphoto.com/images/bfly2/treebark.jpg]{{LepIndex |id=69207 |name=Nothus empedocles |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Sematura selene Guenée, 1857 [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105153344/http://www.tulane.edu/~ldyer/lsacat/species/uraniidae/ura1/ura1.htm Dyer/Gentry/"Sematura luna"] [http://www.papillon-poitou-charentes.org/Lepido_Uraniidae/pages/Papillon44.htm]{{LepIndex |id=69208 |name=Nothus empedocles |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Mania empedoclaria Hübner, 1823{{LepIndex |id=69209 |name=Nothus empedocles |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx beckeri (Druce, 1897) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Mexico, near Durangs City]{{LepIndex |id=69133 |name=Anurapteryx beckeri |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx brueckneri Hering, 1928{{LepIndex |id=69134 |name=Anurapteryx brueckneri |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx crenulata Barnes & Lindsey, 1919 [type locality Paradise, Arizona]{{LepIndex |id=69135 |name=Anurapteryx crenulata |accessdate=May 14, 2018}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20020816064109/http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zeeb/butterflies/figs/moths/Sematuridae/A_crenulata.jpg Image]
Anurapteryx flavidorsata (Hampson, 1918) (originally in Homidia) [no card]
Anurapteryx gephyra Hering, 1928 [type locality Guatemala]{{LepIndex |id=69136 |name=Anurapteryx gephyra |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx interlineata (Walker, 1854) [Central and South America, no type locality given] (originally in Coronis){{LepIndex |id=69137 |name=Anurapteryx interlineata |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Anurapteryx abbreviata (Maassen, 1890) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Banos, Ecuador, 1800 m.]{{LepIndex |id=69138 |name=Anurapteryx interlineata |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Anurapteryx meticulosa Pief, Ent. Zt. 31:7 (originally in ?(type locality West Colombia, Rio Aguacabal, 2000 m., by Fassl){{LepIndex |id=69139 |name=Anurapteryx interlineata |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx insolita (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [no type locality]{{LepIndex |id=69140 |name=Anurapteryx insolita |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx montana Beutelspacher, 1984 [type locality Mexico]{{LepIndex |id=69141 |name=Anurapteryx montana |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Anurapteryx ribbei (Druce, 1891) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Chiriqui, Panama]{{LepIndex |id=69142 |name=Anurapteryx ribbei |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Lonchotura fassli Pfeiffer, Ent. Zt. 31:7, Pl. (originally in ?) [type locality West Colombia, Rio Aguacabal, by Fassl]{{LepIndex |id=69190 |name=Lonchotura fassli |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Lonchotura ocylus (Boisduval, 1870) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Guatemala]{{LepIndex |id=69191 |name=Lonchotura ocylus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Lonchotura dutreuxi Deyrolle, 1874 (originally in Coronis) [type locality Costa Rica]{{LepIndex |id=69192 |name=Lonchotura ocylus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
=Lonchotura peruviana Hering, 1928 (originally in ?) [type locality Chachamayo, Peru]{{LepIndex |id=69194 |name=Lonchotura ocylus |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}
Lonchotura genevana Westwood, 1879 (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Mexico]{{LepIndex |id=69193 |name=Lonchotura genevana |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}

References

Fassl, A.H. (1910). Die Raupe einer Uranide. Z. wiss. InsektBiol, 6(10): 355.
Minet, J. and Scoble, M. J. (1999) [1998] The Drepanoid/Geometroid Assemblage. Pp. 301–320 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), 1999 [1998]. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1, Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology, vol. IV, Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
Westwood, J.O. 1879. Observations on the Uraniidae, a family of Lepidopterous Insects, with a Synopsis of the Family and a Monograph of Coronidia, one of the genera of which it is composed. Transactions of the Zoological Society, 10(12): 1–35, 3 plates.

Other sources

[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/lepindex/ NHM Lepindex]
Dyer, L.A. and G.L. Gentry. 2002. Caterpillars and parasitoids of a tropical lowland wet forest, [http://www.caterpillars.org caterpillars.org], Accessed, March 2007.

External links

[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/geometroidea/sematuridae/anurapteryx/index.html Markku Savela's website: Anurapteryx and Lonchotura]
[http://www.sil.si.edu/imagegalaxy/imageGalaxy_enlarge.cfm?id_image=5972 Insecta. Lepidoptera-Heterocera . Volume III (1881-1900) by Herbert Druce]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160120010033/http://www.leptree.net/Coronidia_orithea LepTree Coronidia orithea]
[http://www.barcodinglife.org/views/taxbrowser.php?taxid=58866 Barcoding progress]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070918014718/http://www.leptree.net/status_matrix LepTree nuclear gene sequencing progress]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003038/http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/zeeb/butterflies/doid.html Moths of South-East Arizona (Anurapteryx crenulata)]

Category:Sematuridae