Senate of Southern Ireland
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=March 2023}}
The Senate of Southern Ireland was the upper house of the Parliament of Southern Ireland, established {{lang|la|de jure}} in 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The Act stipulated that there be 64 senators, but only 39 were selected and the Senate met only twice before being dissolved: on 28 June{{cite news |title=The Southern Irish Parliament; Formal Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0629/Pg005.html#Ar00503 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=29 June 1921 |page=5}} and 13 July 1921{{cite news |title=Meeting of Southern Parliament |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0714/Pg004.html#Ar00402 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=14 July 1921 |page=4}} in the Council Room of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction in Dublin.
Composition
The Senate's composition was specified in the Second Schedule of the 1920 act, and the mode and time of selection in the Fourth Schedule. These were similar to those suggested for the Senate in the report of the Irish Convention of 1917–18.[https://archive.org/details/op1256653-1001/page/n12 Cd.9019 p.13] The 64 members were as follows:
- 3 {{lang|la|ex officio}} members:
- The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, intended as the presiding officer of the Senate. The Lord Chancellor had previously been the chairman of the Irish House of Lords in the Parliament of Ireland prior to its abolition.{{cite book |title=The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the earliest times to the reign of Queen Victoria |first=J. Roderick |last=O'Flanagan |volume=v.1 |page=14 |date=1870 |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green |url=https://archive.org/details/livesoflordchanc01oflauoft/page/14 |via=Internet Archive}}
- The Lord Mayor of Dublin and the Lord Mayor of Cork.
- 17 "Representatives of Commerce (including Banking), Labour, and the Scientific and Learned Professions" to be nominated by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for a term of 10 years.
- 44 members elected by various interest groups:
- Elected for a term of 10 years:
- 4 Archbishops or Bishops of the Roman Catholic Church holding Sees situated wholly or partly in Southern Ireland.
- 2 Archbishops or Bishops of the Church of Ireland holding Sees situated wholly or partly in Southern Ireland.
- 16 Peers (not necessarily members of the Peerage of Ireland) who were taxpayers, or ratepayers in respect of property, and had residences, in Southern Ireland.
- 8 members of the Privy Council of Ireland of no less than two years standing who were taxpayers or ratepayers in respect of property in and had residences in Southern Ireland.
- 14 representatives of county councils, elected for a term of three years:
- 4 from each of Leinster, Munster, and Connacht
- 2 from the three Ulster counties not in Northern Ireland (Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan)
Election and boycott
The election details were given by Orders in Council on 22 April 1921, which made the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper the electoral registrar and returning officer.Election of Senators (Southern Ireland) Order 1921, ss. 2, 6, 19 Elections would use single transferable vote, except that groups electing two senators used multiple non-transferable vote.Election of Senators (Southern Ireland) Order 1921, s.14; {{cite journal |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32307/page/3400 |title=Irish Senates (Proportional Representation) Order, 1921 |journal=The London Gazette |issue=32307 |date=29 April 1921 |pages=3400–3407 |access-date=11 September 2020}} Only electors of a given group could stand in that group's election, except for the county council groups.Election of Senators (Southern Ireland) Order, 1921 s.8(1)
Only 39 of the 64 senators were selected or elected. The Irish Republic declared by Sinn Féin in 1919 rejected the legitimacy of the 1920 act. Sinn Féin had gained control of the county councils in the 1920 local elections. Áine Ceannt as secretary of the General Council of County Councils wrote to the Dáil Ministry asking whether to participate.{{cite web |title=Elections to Southern Senate |url=https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/hh646g051 |website=Digital Repository of Ireland |access-date=10 September 2020 |language=en}} Only W. T. Cosgrave favoured participation, on the basis that the republic's First Dáil had agreed to use the Southern Ireland Commons election to select the members of the Second Dáil. Other ministers favoured a boycott, both on the principle that the selection process was undemocratic, and on the pragmatic grounds that unionists would have a majority whereas a boycott would leave it inquorate. Accordingly, on 28 April 1921 Austin Stack as Minister for Home Affairs issued a proclamation ordering "that members of County Councils and other bodies who uphold the right of the Irish people to choose their own representatives and Government take no part in the partial election so proposed for the said Senate".{{cite web |title=Order prohibiting elections to Southern Senate |url=https://repository.dri.ie/catalog/q237xc09j |website=Digital Repository of Ireland |access-date=10 September 2020 |language=en}} The Irish Congress of Trade Unions and Labour Party supported the Republic, and the Catholic hierarchy also refused to co-operate. Of the incomplete membership, many had participated in the Irish Convention.[https://archive.org/details/op1256653-1001/page/n51/mode/2up Cd.9019 pp.52–53]
Of the 39 selected, 27 took the Parliamentary Oath of Allegiance, of whom 19 attended one of the two meetings. Fifteen attended the first and twelve the second, of whom eight attended both. Of the peers and privy councillors, 19 (all bar Cloncurry, Meath, and Westmeath) signed a letter refusing to act as a Senate if the elected Commons were replaced by an appointed "Crown Colony" assembly.{{cite book |last1=Dunraven |first1=[4th] Earl of |author-link=Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl |title=Past Times and Pastimes |date=1922 |volume=II |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |page=73 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924088014752/page/n85}}
List
| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Membership of the Senate of Southern Ireland{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1922londuoft#page/278 |page=278 |title=Debrett's House of Commons |year=1922 |chapter=Senate of Southern Ireland |location=London |publisher=Dean}} |
| scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | Irish Convention ! scope="col" | Free State Seanad ! scope="col" | Notes |
|---|
| Lord Chancellor of Ireland
| data-sort-value="Ross"|Sir John Ross, Bt | 2nd meeting | | | Ross was too ill to attend the inaugural meeting, before which the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland read the proclamation and during which Sir Nugent Everard was temporary chairman. |
| Lord Mayor of Dublin
| data-sort-value="O'Neill"|Laurence O'Neill | Boycotted | Member | |
| Lord Mayor of Cork
| data-sort-value="Ross"|Donal O'Callaghan | Boycotted | Then incumbent (Thomas C. Butterfield) was a member | | Sinn Féin. Elected for Cork Borough in the 1921 election to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. Article 18(4) of the 1920 Act precluded anyone from sitting in both Houses at once; since O'Callaghan boycotted both, sitting instead in the Second Dáil, the conflict was not resolved. |
| Commerce
| data-sort-value="Andrews"|Edward H. Andrews | Both meetings | Member | | Former president of Dublin Chamber of Commerce.{{cite web|url=http://www.dubchamber.ie/past.asp|title=Past Presidents|publisher=Dublin Chamber of Commerce|access-date=5 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519063055/http://www.dubchamber.ie/past.asp|archive-date=19 May 2011}} |
| Commerce (Retail)
| data-sort-value="Arnott"|Sir John Arnott, Bt | Did not attend | | |
| Commerce (Farming)
| data-sort-value="Everard"|Sir Nugent Everard, Bt | Both meetings | | Appointed | |
| Commerce (Banking)
| data-sort-value="Guinn"|Henry Guinness | Both meetings | | Appointed | |
| Commerce (Distilling)
| data-sort-value="James"|Andrew Jameson | 1st meeting | Member | Appointed | |
| Commerce or Professions
| data-sort-value="Glenn"|H. P. Glenn | Both meetings | | |Former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. Some accounts misspell his surname as "Glynn."{{cite web |title=The Senate of Southern Ireland, 1921 |last=Whyte |first=Nicholas |date=17 February 2002 |work=Northern Ireland elections |access-date=8 March 2004 |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1921.htm |publisher=Access Research Knowledge }}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HTJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297 |title=Longman Handbook of Modern Irish History Since 1800|first1=Alan|last1=O'Day|first2=Neil|last2=Fleming|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317897118|via=Google Books}} |
| Commerce or Professions
| data-sort-value="O'Call"|George O'Callaghan-Westropp | 2nd meeting | | | Landowner and local government activist.{{cite web|url=http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/ocallaghan-westropp.htm|title=Papers of George O'Callaghan-Westropp (1864–1944)|publisher=UCD|pages=IE UCDA P38|access-date=6 September 2013}} |
| Professions (Education)
| data-sort-value="Beatt"|Sir Andrew Beattie | Both meetings | | | Commissioner of National Education. Leading Dublin Presbyterian. |
| Professions (Education)
| data-sort-value="Campb"|J. W. R. Campbell | 1st meeting | | | Schoolmaster and Methodist minister.{{cite book|title=The Christian advocate |volume=95|year=1920|page=993|publisher=Hunt & Eaton}} |
| Professions (Law)
| data-sort-value="Denn"|Frederick F. Denning | 1st meeting | | |King's Counsel.{{cite journal|year=1937|title=Remembrance Day|journal=The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal|volume=71|page=323}} |
| Professions (Law)
| data-sort-value="Gamb"|Charles Gamble | Both meetings | | |President of the Law Society of Ireland.{{cite journal|year=1921|title=The Incorporated Law Society of Ireland|journal=The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal|volume=55|page=124}} |
| Professions (Engineering)
| data-sort-value="Grif"|Sir John Griffith | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | | Elected | |
| Professions (Medicine)
| data-sort-value="Moore"|Sir John William Moore | 2nd meeting | | |Physician to the Meath Hospital and medical administrator.{{cite journal|last=B.|first=J. W.|author2=T. G. Moorehead |date=23 October 1937|title=Obituary: Sir John William Moore|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=4007|pages=831–834|pmc=2087590|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4007.831}} |
| Professions (Medicine)
|data-sort-value="taly"|Sir William Taylor |Both meetings | | |Former President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.{{cite journal |last=Crawley |first=Frank C. |author2=H. C. Drury |author3=William Pearson |author4=W. Boxwell |date=February 1933 |title=In memoriam. Sir William Taylor (1871–1933) |journal=Irish Journal of Medical Science |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=86–90 |issn=1863-4362 |doi=10.1007/BF02954546 |s2cid=71882024 }} |
| Labour
| {{hs|03}} Three Representatives not selected | Boycotted | {{hs|07}} Seven members | | |
| Bishop (Roman Catholic)
| {{hs|04}} Four Representatives not selected | Did not attend | {{hs|04}} Four members (Cashel, Ross, Raphoe, and Down & Connor). | | |
| Bishop (Church of Ireland)
| data-sort-value="D'A"|Charles D'Arcy | Did not attend | Predecessor (John Crozier) was a member. | | Archbishop of Armagh. The see is mainly in Northern Ireland. |
| Bishop (Church of Ireland)
|data-sort-value="Greg"|John Gregg | 1st meeting | Predecessor (John Bernard) was a member | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="clon"|Lord Cloncurry | 1st meeting | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Def"|Lord de Freyne | Did not attend | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Des"|Earl of Desart | Did not attend | Member | | The Irish Times wrote that he was kept from attending by business at the House of Lords in Westminster. |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Dono"|Earl of Donoughmore | Did not attend | | | The Irish Times wrote that he was kept from attending by business at the House of Lords in Westminster. |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Dun"|Earl of Dunraven | Did not attend | Member | Appointed | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Holm"|Lord HolmPatrick | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Inch"|Lord Inchiquin | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="ken"|Lord Kenmare | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Mayo"|Earl of Mayo | Did not attend | Member | Appointed | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="Midl"|Earl of Midleton | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | Member | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="oran"|Lord Oranmore | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | Member | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="pow"|Viscount Powerscourt | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="rath"|Lord Rathdonnell | 1st meeting | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="sli"|Marquess of Sligo | 1st meeting | | | |
| Peer
| data-sort-value="wick"|Earl of Wicklow | Did not attend | | Appointed | |
| Peer and Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="Meath"|Earl of Meath | Did not attend | | | The Earl of Meath was elected from both the peers' panel and the privy Councillors' panel.{{cite news |title=The Southern Irish Parliament; Election of Senators |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 May 1921 |page=4 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0528/Pg004.html#Ar00405 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 September 2020 }}{{cite news |title=Parliament of Southern Ireland; Election of Senators |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=8 June 1921 |page=6 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0608/Pg006.html#Ar00602 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 September 2020 }} The 1920 act and 1921 order made no explicit provision for this, whereas someone elected for multiple Westminster constituencies could only sit for one, creating vacancies in the others. |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="gran"|Earl of Granard | Did not attend | Member | Appointed | |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="goul"|Sir William Goulding, 1st Bt | Did not attend, but took the oath of office | Member | | |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="kav"|Walter MacMurrough Kavanagh | 2nd meeting | Member | | Irish Parliamentary Party MP for County Carlow 1908–10. Previously a Unionist,{{cite book|last=Maume |first=Patrick |title=The long gestation: Irish nationalist life 1891–1918 |year=1999|publisher=Gill & Macmillan|page=101}} and chairman of Carlow County Council.{{cite news|title=Irish point of view on new tillage rules; Rt. Hon. Walter McMurrough Kavanagh Expresses Opinion With Regard to Compulsory Tillage Regulations in Ireland Farmer's Comments How Regulations Appear to an Irish Landowner|date=28 March 1917|work=Christian Science Monitor|page=3|location=Boston}} |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="mah"|Sir Bryan Mahon | Both meetings | | Appointed | |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="nug"|Earl of Westmeath | Did not attend | | | |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="staf"|Sir Thomas Stafford, Bt | Did not attend | Member | | FRCSI; Medical Commissioner of the Local Government Board for Ireland; baronet.{{cite journal|date=25 May 1935|title=Obituary: Sir Thomas Stafford, Bt., F.R.C.S.I|journal=British Medical Journal|issue=3881|page=1102|pmc=2460354|pmid=20779108|volume=1|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.3881.1102}} |
| Privy Councillor
| data-sort-value="wal"|Laurence Ambrose Waldron | Resigned before the first meeting | | | Waldron was nominated on 27 May without his knowledge; on 10 June he formally wrote to the Lord Lieutenant asking "to be relieved of the position".{{cite news |last1=Waldron |first1=Laurence A. |title=Letters to the Editor: The Southern Senate |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0611/Pg006.html#Ar00615 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 September 2020 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=11 June 1921 |page=6}} |
| County councillor
| 14 Representatives not selected | Boycotted | 38 members, one per county and county borough; also several from urban district councils. | | |
Supersession
In 1922, both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland were superseded by the Irish Free State. Some of the Southern Ireland senators were subsequently senators in the Free State Seanad (upper house), either appointed by W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council, or elected by the members of the Dáil (lower house).{{cite web |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/default.asp?housetype=1&HouseNum=1922&disp=mem |title=1922 Seanad Members |work=Members Database |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=7 September 2013}}
See also
References
- {{cite book |title=Report of the Proceedings of the Irish Convention |url=https://archive.org/details/op1256653-1001 |access-date=11 September 2020 |series=Command papers |volume=Cd.9019 |year=1918 |publisher=HMSO |location=Dublin }}
- {{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents/enacted |title=Government of Ireland Act, 1920 [as enacted] |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=legislation.gov.uk }}
- {{cite journal |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32307/page/3384 |title=Election of Senators (Southern Ireland) Order, 1921 |journal=The London Gazette |issue=32307 |date=29 April 1921 |pages=3384–3387 |access-date=11 September 2020}}