Separated brethren
Separated brethren is a term sometimes used by the Catholic Church and its clergy and members to refer to baptized members of other Christian traditions.{{cite journal|url=http://www.christianodyssey.com/history/vatican2.htm | journal=Christian Odyssey |title=Church History Corner: Vatican II and the Future of Church Unity |author=Kroll, Paul|pages=18–19|volume=3|issue=5|date=October–November 2007 |access-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308145155/http://www.gci.org/history/vatican|archive-date=8 March 2012}} The phrase is a translation of the Latin phrase fratres seiuncti. It is largely used as a polite euphemism in contexts where the terms "formal heretics" or "material heretics" might cause offense.
Since the Council of Trent, which formally condemned Protestant doctrines as heretical, the Catholic Church officially deems Protestants as material or formal "heretics", and has always taught that "outside the Church there is no salvation".{{cite web |author=Oakes, Edward T. |date=19 December 2007 |title=Are Protestants heretics? |url=http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2007/12/who-are-you-calling-a-heretic |work=First Things }} However, Biblical passages like Romans 2:12-16{{Bibleverse|Romans|2:12-16|KJV}} point to the importance of conscience in Catholic soteriology, which the Church states it has always recognized. In {{Circa|1960|1962}}, preparatory work for draft texts of Second Vatican Council documents "report urged respectful use of the terms dissidents or separated brethren, in place of heretics and schismatics."{{cite journal |last=Wicks |first=Jared |date=Jul 2012 |title=Still More Light on Vatican Council II |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=98 |issue=3 |page=483 |doi=10.1353/cat.2012.0169 |jstor=23240055 |issn=0008-8080 |s2cid=159814465}} After the Council, however, "that habit of unthinkingly hurling accusations of heresy at Protestants pretty much died out" in some contexts to avoid offense. Since at least the mid-1990s, the term has often been replaced by Catholics with phrases such as "other Christians".{{cite journal |author=Wells, Christopher |year=2009 |title=The Singular Grace of Division's Wound |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ecso/5/1/article-p7_3.xml?language=en |journal=Ecclesiology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |doi=10.1163/174553108X378468}}
There are similar moves to avoid offense to other religious groups. During a period of improving Catholic-Jewish relations, Pope John Paul II once referred to Jews as "elder brothers in the faith of Abraham", prior to his 1987 visit to the United States.
History
The concept and wording was published as early as 1793, in a discourse which examined two papal briefs to the Bishop of Chiusi-Pienza.{{cite book| location=Bambergae; Herbipoli|publisher=Goebhardt|volume=4|author=[Archbishops and Bishops of Tuscany?] |chapter=Dissertatio III: In qua examinantur duo summi Pontificis brevia ad Episcopum Clussio–Pientinum data |title=Acta Congregationis archiepiscoporum et episcoporum Hetruriae Florentiae anno MDCCLXXVII| year=1793| language=la| page=1003|oclc=79652146 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLIzILmnzEsC&pg=PA1003|access-date=23 January 2014|quote= Verum tamen persuadere mihi minime possum, hanc animi venerationem in eo esse ponendam, ut eidem excessiua quaedam iura adscribantur, quae etdem non competunt, quae antiquitati erant ignota, quaeque maxima ex parte fatale illud schisma causarunt quod fratres nostros a nobis seiunctos tenet.}} Here, {{lang|la|Clusinus et Pientinus}} is spelled {{lang|la| Clussio - Pientinum}} and {{lang|la|clusio - pientinus}}. Frank Flinn wrote, in Encyclopedia of Catholicism, that in 1959 Pope John XXIII "addressed Protestants as separated brethren," in Ad Petri cathedram (APC), which Flinn saw as "an important step toward recognizing Protestants as legitimate partners in a future dialogue."{{cite encyclopedia|location=New York|publisher=Facts on File|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Catholicism|series=Facts on File Library of Religion and Mythology: Encyclopedia of World Religions|last=Flinn|first=Frank K|title=Protestant Reformation|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000flin/page/535 535]|year=2007|isbn=9780816054558|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000flin/page/535|access-date=25 January 2014|url-access=subscription}}{{efn|The excerpt, from {{abbr|APC|Ad Petri cathedram}}, 63 cited by Flinn, is translated on the Vatican website as "the communities that are separated from the See of Blessed Peter" and a related excerpt, from {{abbr|APC|Ad Petri cathedram}}, 64, is translated on the Vatican website as "those who are adorned with the name of Christian even though separated from Us and from one another."{{cite web|website=Vatican.va|author=Pope John XXIII|title=Ad Petri cathedram|date=29 June 1959|at=nn.63–64| url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_29061959_ad-petri_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014}} Using English translation from {{cite journal
|journal=Our Sunday Visitor|title =The Pope Speaks|issn=0032-4353|volume=5|date=Autumn 1959|pages=359–83}}}} But Pope Leo XIII "was the first to speak of 'separated brothers{{' "}} according to John Norman Davidson Kelly's A Dictionary of Popes.{{cite encyclopedia|location=Oxford [u.a]|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford paperback reference|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Popes|edition=2nd|year=2010|isbn=9780199295814|editor1-last=Kelly|editor1-first=John N. D.|editor2-last=Walsh|editor2-first=Michael J|title=Leo XIII|page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA317}} Edward Farrugia, in Gregorianum, describes the development from Pope Leo XIII's Orientalium dignitas (OD) to Orientalium Ecclesiarum (OE) to Unitatis Redintegratio (UR). "Yet if {{abbr|OE|Orientalium Ecclesiarum}} builds on {{abbr|OD|Orientalium dignitas}}, differences remain. Whereas {{abbr|OD|Orientalium dignitas}}" 186 "speaks of 'dissident bretheren' ({{lang|la|fratres dissidentes}}), {{abbr|OE|Orientalium Ecclesiarum}} 28 speaks of 'separated bretheren' ({{lang|la|fratres seiunctos}}), although it does not go as far as {{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} 14, where there is an inchoative use of the language of 'sister Churches' ({{lang|la|inter Ecclesia locales, ut inter sorores}}) in regards to the sisterhood of Eastern Churches."
{{cite journal|journal=Gregorianum|issn=0017-4114|volume=88|issue=2|year=2007|last=Farrugia|first=Edward G|title=Re-reading Orientalium Ecclesiarum|page=355| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPiCV1tbOlgC&pg=PA355}}{{cite book|location=Vatican City| author=Pope Leo XIII|title=Orientalium dignitas|date=30 November 1894|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13orient.htm}}
{{cite book|location=Vatican City|author1=Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council |author2=Pope Paul VI|title=Orientalium Ecclesiarum|date=24 November 1964|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html}} It does not refer to a sisterhood between Catholic and Orthodox Churches, nor between Catholic and Protestant Churches. Farrugia noted Austin Flannery's translations in Vatican Council II, "{{abbr|OE|Orientalium Ecclesiarum}} 29 speaks of the 'separated Churches' and {{abbr|OE|Orientalium Ecclesiarum}} 25 of 'any separated Eastern Christians', and {{abbr|OE|Orientalium Ecclesiarum}} 29 of 'Eastern separated brethren'."
{{cite book|location=New York|publisher=Costello|series=Vatican collection|edition=New rev. 2nd|editor-last=Flannery|editor-first=Austin|editor-link=Austin Flannery|title=Vatican Council II: the conciliar and postconciliar documents|volume=1|year=1996| isbn=9780918344397|pages=419, 421}} J. M. R. Tillard goes into detail, in New Catholic Encyclopedia, about "the development of a carefully nuanced vocabulary, consistent with Vatican II Ecclesiology," which evolved from "the idea of membership in favor of that of incorporation" and has its categorization found in the dogmatic constitution {{lang|la|Lumen gentium}} (LG) which Tillard describes:
- Catholics are defined as {{" '}}being incorporated' ({{lang|la|incorporatio}}), qualifying the term with the adverb 'fully' ({{lang|la|plene}}) and emphasizing that full incorporation requires the presence of the Holy Spirit."{{efn|{{abbr|LG|Lumen gentium}} 14.2 quoted by Tillard.}}
- Non-Catholics and catechumens are defined as {{" '}}being linked' ({{lang|la|conjunctio}}) to the Church, again carefully stressing the role of the Holy Spirit in each case."{{efn|{{abbr|LG|Lumen gentium}} 14.3; 15.2 quoted by Tillard.}}
- Non-Christians are defined as {{" '}}being related' ({{lang|la|ordinantur}}), a term that suggests a dynamic relationship, an orientation toward the Church."{{efn|{{abbr|LG|Lumen gentium}} 16 quoted by Tillard.}}
"Every shade of difference in meaning among these terms is important," emphasizes Tillard. "But the terms acquire their full force only in the light of the most authoritative commentaries on them," {{abbr|UR|Unitatis redintegratio}} and Nostra aetate (NA). "Then, supposing the nuances indicated, the richness of such expressions as the following becomes clear: 'Churches and ecclesial communities';{{efn|{{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} 3.3 quoted by Tillard; cf. {{abbr|LG|Lumen gentium}} 15.1 cited in Tillard.}} 'separated brethren';{{efn|brothers divided; {{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} 3.4 quoted by Tillard.}} 'separated Churches and ecclesial communities';{{efn|{{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} 3.4 quoted by Tillard.}} 'full communion'—'imperfect communion'."
{{cite encyclopedia|location=Detroit|publisher=Gale|encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia|edition=2nd|year=2003|volume=7|isbn=978-0-7876-4011-8|editor-last=Carson|editor-first=Thomas|last=Tillard|first=J. M. R.|title=Incorporation into the Church (Membership)|pages=380–383|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3407705611&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=e3a541c47313d77ae65372d4d32906ef|access-date=24 January 2014}}{{efn|{{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} 3.1 quoted by Tillard.}}
"But thanks to its ecclesiology," wrote Tillard, "Vatican II was able to affirm at the same time that Churches or ecclesial communities separated from the Catholic Church are part of the single Church, and that nevertheless incorporation in Christ and His Church possesses within the Catholic Church the fullness that it does not have elsewhere." Tillard's view, however, went far beyond the texts of the Second Vatican Council, which never stated that "churches or ecclesial communities" separated from the Catholic Church were somehow "a part of it"; indeed, the Council itself in the decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum explicitly stated just the opposite: "The Holy Catholic Church, which is the Mystical Body of Christ, is made up of the faithful who are organically united in the Holy Spirit by the same faith, the same sacraments and the same government[...]." Tillard's view was further refuted in the document Dominus Iesus issued by Pope Benedict XVI.
In 2007, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) clarified "the authentic meaning" of the ecclesiological expression "Church" which "according to Catholic doctrine", the texts of the Second Vatican Council and those of the Magisterium since the Second Vatican Council do not call Christian Communities born out of the Reformation of the 16th century as "Churches" because "these Communities do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders, and are, therefore, deprived of a constitutive element of the Church."
{{cite book|location=Vatican City|publisher=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|last2=Levada|first2=William|author-link2=William Levada|title=Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the Doctrine on the Church|date=29 June 2007|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html}} William Whalen wrote, in Separated Brethren, that {{" '}}separated brethren' refers to Christians united by baptism and committed to Jesus Christ but divided by theological beliefs."{{rp|page=9}} Whalen explained, that Protestant Reformation Christians broke "the bond of common faith" and "they became separated brethren."
{{cite book|location=Huntington, IN|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |title=Separated brethren: a review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox & other religions in the United States|edition=rev.|year=2002|last=Whalen|first=William J|isbn=978-1-931709-05-7|pages=9, 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw9ILcqw2hsC|access-date=16 June 2010}}{{rp|page=11}}
"All Christians who are baptized and believe in Christ but are not professed Catholics" are separated brethren, according to John Hardon in Modern Catholic Dictionary. "More commonly the term is applied to Protestants."
{{cite encyclopedia|location=New York|publisher=Image|encyclopedia=Catholic dictionary: an abridged and updated edition of Modern Catholic dictionary|year=2013|isbn=9780307886347|last=Hardon|first=John A|author-link=John Hardon|title=Separated brethren|page=468|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPgxUewa_IC&pg=PA467|access-date=24 January 2014}}
Likewise, "separated brethren" according to Catholic Answers, in This Rock, "refers to those who, though separated from full communion with the Catholic Church, have been justified through baptism and are thus brethren in Christ."
{{cite journal|journal=This Rock: The Magazine of Catholic Apologetics and Evangelization|issn=1049-4561|volume=13|issue=8|date=Oct 2002|author=Catholic Answers Staff|title=Quick Questions|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2002/0210qq.asp|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912133545/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2002/0210qq.asp |archive-date=12 September 2004|via=Catholic.com}}
{{abbr|UR|Unitatis Redintegratio}} "teaches that 'all who have been justified by faith in baptism are members of Christ's body, and have a right to be called Christian, and so are correctly accepted as brothers by the children of the Catholic Church'."{{cite book|location=Vatican City|author=Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council|title=Unitatis Redintegratio|date=21 November 1964|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html}}
{{rp|at=n.99}} J. A. Jungmann and K. Stasiak wrote, in New Catholic Encyclopedia, that "the Second Vatican Council's call for a greater spirit of ecumenism among churches and ecclesial communities reflects the understanding that Baptism is the effecting and the sign of the fundamental unity of all Christians."
{{cite encyclopedia|location=Detroit|publisher=Gale|encyclopedia=New Catholic Encyclopedia|edition=2nd|year=2003|volume=2|isbn=978-0-7876-4006-4|editor-last=Carson|editor-first=Thomas|last1=Jungmann|first1=J. A|last2=Stasiak|first2=K|title=Baptism, Sacrament of|pages=66–67 |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3407701082&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=522887e9e8368cee50dcbdadd87b9c0d|access-date=24 January 2014}}{{efn|According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983{{nbsp}}CIC), baptism "is validly conferred only by a washing of true water with the proper form of words."
{{cite encyclopedia|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Canon Law Society of America|encyclopedia=Code of canon law: new English translation|version=IntraText|year=1999|orig-date=©1998|isbn=978-0-943616-79-7|author=Catholic Church|title=Codex Iuris Canonici|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM|via=Vatican.va}}{{rp|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2U.HTM can.849]}} The {{abbr|1983{{nbsp}}CIC|1983 Code of Canon Law}} states that "in a case of necessity any person with the right intention, confers baptism licitly."{{rp|at=n.95.a}}{{rp|at=can.861§2}} "Those baptized in a non-Catholic ecclesial community must not be baptized conditionally unless, after an examination of the matter and the form of the words used in the conferral of baptism and a consideration of the intention of the baptized adult and the minister of the baptism, a serious reason exists to doubt the validity of the baptism."{{rp|at=can.869§2}} See {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=CCC|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3O.HTM n. 1278]|quote=The essential rite of Baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water or pouring water on his head, while pronouncing the invocation of the Most Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.}} "The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms performed by other churches and ecclesial communities if these two conditions are met, and if there is no serious reason to question either the intention of the minister and the free acceptance of Baptism by the one baptized."{{cite book|via=Vatican.va|author=Catholic Church. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|title=Directory for the application of principles and norms on ecumenism|date=25 March 1993| url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |access-date=23 January 2014}}{{rp|at=nn.93, 95.a–95.c}}}}
Exclusions
As Mormonism is polytheistic in its understanding of the Trinity,{{cite book| title= Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith | quote=I have always declared God to be a distinct personage, Jesus Christ a separate and distinct personage from God the Father, and the Holy Ghost was a distinct personage and a Spirit: and these three constitute three distinct personages and three Gods. | location=[Salt Lake City]|publisher=Deseret News Press|last=Smith|first=Joseph Jr.|author-link=Joseph Smith|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Joseph Fielding|editor-link=Joseph Fielding Smith| page=370|year=1938|lccn=38008207|url=http://www.boap.org/LDS/Joseph-Smith/Teachings/T6.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050213153544/http://www.boap.org/LDS/Joseph-Smith/Teachings/T6.html |archive-date=13 February 2005|url-status=live|via=Book of Abraham Project}}{{efn|The theologies of God in Christianity and God in Mormonism are different.
{{cite journal|journal=Church History|issn=0009-6407|volume=9|issue=2|date=Jun 1940|pages=157–169|last=Arbaugh|first=George B.|title=Evolution of Mormon doctrine|jstor=3160352|doi=10.2307/3160352|s2cid=162258235 }}{{cite journal|journal=Church History|issn=0009-6407|volume=32|issue=3|date=Sep 1996|pages=357–370|last=Howsepian|first=A. A.|title=Are Mormons theists?|jstor=20019828}}{{cite journal|journal=Religious Studies|issn=0034-4125|volume=33|issue=3|date=September 1997| pages=315–326 |last=Ostler|first=Blake T.|title=Worshipworthiness and the Mormon concept of God|jstor=20008108|doi=10.1017/s0034412597003934|s2cid=170662967 }}
{{cite journal|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|issn=0021-8294|volume=23|issue=4|date=Dec 1984|pages=396–411|last1=Heeren|first1=John|last2=Lindsey|first2=Donald B.|last3=Mason|first3=Marylee|title=The Mormon concept of Mother in Heaven: a sociological account of its origins and development|jstor=1385727|doi=10.2307/1385727}} Also see Richard Abanes in Inside today's Mormonism.{{cite book|location=Eugene, OR|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|last=Abanes|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Abanes|title=Inside today's Mormonism|year=2007|isbn=9780736919685|chapter=One God versus many gods|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuCrKAc6i6kC&pg=PT107}}
Pope John Paul II said: "The Christian doctrine on the Trinity, confirmed by the Councils, explicitly rejects any form of 'tritheism' or 'polytheism'."{{cite book|via=Vatican.va| author=Pope John Paul II|title=General audience|date=5 May 1999|at=n. 3|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_05051999_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010410170959/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_05051999_en.html |archive-date=10 April 2001|url-status=live}} See {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=CCC|at=[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm n. 2112]|quote=The first commandment condemns polytheism.}}
{{cite book|location=Vatican City|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|author=Catholic Church|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM|year=2003|orig-date=©1993|version=IntraText|oclc=68115621|access-date=8 January 2014|via=Vatican.va}}}} the Catholic Church does not recognize the validity of Mormon baptism{{efn|Pope John Paul II approved the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's 2001 decision.
{{cite book|via=Vatican.va|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|author-link1=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|last2=Ratzinger|first2=Joseph|author-link2=Pope Benedict XVI|title=Response to a "dubium" on the validity of baptism conferred by "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", called "Mormons"|date=5 June 2001|url= https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223093427/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html |archive-date=23 December 2001|url-status=live}} Luis Ladaria, later head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, wrote in 2001, that the reasons for deciding that "it is not Christian Baptism" are that a "divergence on Trinity and baptism invalidates the intention of the Mormon minister of baptism and of the one to be baptized."
{{cite news|location=Vatican City|newspaper=L'Osservatore Romano|edition=Weekly|issn=1563-6178|date=1 August 2001|page=4|last=Ladaria|first=Luis|title=The question of the validity of baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/theology/mormbap1.htm|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010903003251/http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/MORMBAP1.HTM |archive-date=3 September 2001|url-status=live|via=Eternal Word Television Network}} Contrast with Alonzo Gaskill in FARMS Review of Books.
{{cite journal|journal=FARMS Review of Books|issn=1099-9450|volume=13|issue=2|year=2001|last=Gaskill|first=Alonzo|title=Maximus Nothus Decretum: a look at the recent Catholic declaration regarding Latter-day Saint Baptisms|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1454&index=14|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212655/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1454&index=14|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live}}}} and Mormons are not considered separated brethren."{{cite news|location=Vatican City|newspaper=L'Osservatore Romano|edition=Weekly|issn=1563-6178|date=1 August 2001|page=5|last=Navarrete|first=Urbano|author-link=Urbano Navarrete Cortés|title=Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith about the validity of baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints| url=http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-navarrete_en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130185632/http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-navarrete_en.html |archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=live|via=Vatican.va}}
Cardinal Urbano Navarrete Cortés clarified, in L'Osservatore Romano, "that in all of the effects of the pastoral, administrative and juridical practices of the Church, the Mormons are not to be considered as belonging to an 'ecclesial community not in full communion with the Catholic Church', but simply as non-baptized."
Baptism conferred by The Christian Community, founded by Rudolf Steiner;{{cite book|via=Vatican.va|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|author-link1=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|title=Notification regarding the validity of the baptism conferred by the "Christian Community" or "Die Christengemeinschaft" of Rudolf Steiner|date=9 March 1991|url=http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19910309_bapt-christian-community_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140130021734/http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19910309_bapt-christian-community_en.html |archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=live}} The New Church, founded by Emanuel Swedenborg;
{{cite book|via=Vatican.va|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|author-link1=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|title=Notification on the validity of the baptism conferred in "The New Church"|date=20 November 1992|url=http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19921120_bapt-new-church_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130021421/http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19921120_bapt-new-church_en.html |archive-date=30 January 2014|url-status=live}} conferred with the formula "I baptize you in the name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Sanctifier";{{cite book|via=Vatican.va|author1=Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|author-link1=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|title=Responses to Questions Proposed on the Validity of Baptism|date=1 February 2008|url=http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20080201_validity-baptism_en.html|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320040012/http://www.doctrinafidei.va/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20080201_validity-baptism_en.html |archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=live}}
or, conferred with the formula "I baptize you in the name of the Creator, and of the Liberator, and of the Sustainer" are also deemed invalid.
Notes
{{Notelist}}