September Six#Paul Toscano

Lynne Kanavel Whitesides is a Mormon feminist and is noted for speaking on the Mother in Heaven.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/19/us/mormons-penalize-dissident-members.html|title=Mormons Penalize Dissident Members|date=1993-09-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} Whitesides was the first of the group to experience church discipline and was disfellowshipped September 14, 1993. Though technically still a member, Whitesides claims that she "exploded" out of the church and her marriage in 1993, and she now considers herself a practitioner of Native American philosophies.{{YouTube|oKjASwbutsE|Whitesides, Lynne. "Spiritual Paths After September 1993." Sunstone Symposium, 2003}}.

Avraham Gileadi is a Hebrew scholar and literary analyst, who is considered theologically conservative. Following his 1981 Ph.D. in ancient studies from Brigham Young University, he published a new interpretive translation of the Book of Isaiah in 1988 and a study of its eschatological prophecies in 1991. Mormon scholars, including Hugh Nibley, Truman G. Madsen and Ellis Rasmussen, praised his work, but his argument that the Isaiah prophecies pointed to a human "Davidic king" who would emerge in the Last Days, apart from Jesus Christ, was controversial, and his second book was pulled from the shelves by its publisher, church-owned Deseret Book.{{cite web |url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=4&num=1&id=86 |title=Review of "The Book of Isaiah: A New Translation with Interpretive Keys from the Book of Mormon" |access-date=2014-06-18 |last=Porter |first=Bruce |date=1992 |work=Review of Books on the Book of Mormon |publisher= Maxwell Institute }} The reasons for his excommunication on September 15 are unclear. According to Margaret Toscano (whose husband was among the September Six and who would also later be excommunicated), Gileadi's "books interpreting Mormon scripture challenged the exclusive right of leaders to define doctrine,"{{citation |url= http://www.thelizlibrary.org/undelete/library/library012.html |title=What other judgment can I judge by but my own? |work=The Liz Library |first=Margaret Merrill |last=Toscano |date=nd}} but Gileadi himself disputes that characterization. In 1996, Gileadi was rebaptized into the church after a second membership council, conducted by his stake president. As with all LDS Church rebaptisms, the original disciplinary action was expunged from the church's records, and is now treated as if it never happened.{{cite web |url=https://news-ca.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-discipline |title=Church Discipline |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Church Newsroom}}{{citation |url= http://avrahamgileaditestimony.blogspot.com |title= Avraham Gileadi Testimony |access-date= 2012-06-12 |date= 14 June 2012 |work= Judeo-Mormon Perspectives |publisher= Blogger }} Gileadi is currently an active member of the church.{{cite web |url=http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=840 |title=Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism |access-date=2012-08-19 |last=Hanks |first=Maxine |website=Signature Books}}{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/zion@topica.com/msg04375.html |title=The September Six Today |access-date=2009-02-14 |last=Redelfs |first=John W. |date=2003-08-09 |website=The Mail Archive}}

Paul Toscano is a Salt Lake City attorney who co-authored, with Margaret Merrill Toscano, a controversial book, Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology (1990), and in 1992, he co-founded The Mormon Alliance. He later wrote the book The Sanctity of Dissent (1994) and its sequel, The Sacrament of Doubt (2007).

He was excommunicated from the LDS Church on September 19, 1993. The reasons for his excommunication, as reportedly given by church leaders, were apostasy and false teaching. According to Toscano, the actual reason was insubordination in refusing to curb his sharp criticism of Church leaders' preference for legalism, ecclesiastical tyranny, white-washed Mormon history, and hierarchical authoritarianism, which privilege the image of the corporate church above its commitment to its members, to the teachings and the revelations of founder Joseph Smith, and to the gospel of Jesus Christ.{{cite book |last=Toscano |first= Paul |chapter="The Sanctity of Dissent" |title= Dissent and the Failure of Leadership |editor1=Stephen Banks |editor2=Joanne B. Ciulla|editor2-link=Joanne B. Ciulla| series=New Horizons in Leadership Studies |publisher=Edward Elgar |location=Northampton, MA |year=2008 |pages=169–181 |isbn=978-1-84720-575-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bf272AsIDwC&q=Dissent+and+the+Failure+of+Leadership}}

In 2007, Toscano wrote that he lost his faith "like losing your eyesight after an accident." He regrets that church leaders have disregarded his criticisms of what he considers the church's growing anti-intellectualism, homophobia, misogyny, and elitism.{{cite book|last=Toscano|first=Paul|title=The Sacrament of Doubt|publisher=Signature Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-56085-146-2|pages=147–156}}

Toscano's wife, Margaret, faced her own disciplinary council for her doctrinal and feminist views and was excommunicated on November 30, 2000. Some view her excommunication as constituting a "seventh" member of the September Six, as she was summoned in 1993, but ecclesiastical focus shifted to her husband. Margaret's discipline was delayed until 2000.[https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/audio/SL01272.mp3 Tidying Up Loose Ends?: The November 2000 Excommunication of Margaret Toscano], 2001 Salt Lake Sunstone Symposium, Sunstone Magazine. Margaret later wrote "The Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion" as well as the tenth chapter of Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion (2004), edited by Ann Braude.{{cite book|url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/5528550/TOC |title=Table of Contents: Transforming the faiths of our fathers |publisher=Catalog.lib.uchicago.edu |date= 2004-06-19|access-date=2015-04-14|isbn=9781403964601 }}

Maxine Hanks is a Mormon feminist theologian, who compiled and edited the anthology Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992). She was excommunicated on September 19, along with fellow contributor D. Michael Quinn. In February 2012, Hanks was rebaptized as a member of the church.[http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/54514350-80/hanks-mormon-lds-church.html.csp Excommunicated Mormon to tell how she came back to the faith]

Lavina Fielding Anderson was a Mormon feminist writer who edited the books Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective (1992) and Lucy's Book, an edition of the Lucy Mack Smith narrative. She was a former editor for the Ensign and served as editor for the Journal of Mormon History from 1991 to May 2009. She was excommunicated September 23 for apostasy, allegedly because of her article "The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology" in Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought.{{Cite journal|last=Fielding Anderson|first=Lavina|date=Spring 1993|title=The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology|url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V26N01_23.pdf|journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|volume=26|issue=1 |pages=7–66|doi=10.2307/45228619 |jstor=45228619 |s2cid=259898595 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/09/05/writer-excommunicated/|title=Writer excommunicated during 'September Six' purge loses her bid to rejoin the LDS Church|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-11}} She also wrote chapter 9, "The Grammar of Inequity" in the book Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992).

Anderson continued to attend LDS Church services as a non-member. She wrote on Mormon issues, including editing the multi-volume Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance, an ongoing collection of interviews with Mormons who believe they were unfairly disciplined by the church.{{citation |title= Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance |url= http://mormonalliance.org/casereports/casereports.htm |publisher= Mormon Alliance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004007/http://mormonalliance.org/casereports/casereports.htm |archive-date= 2009-10-21}} After her husband's death in 2018, Anderson's bishop approached her about reinstatement, the first ecclesiastical leader in the twenty-four years since she was excommunicated to do so. In 2019, her local stake leaders reconvened her disciplinary council, in which she affirmed her faith but also expressed multiple views contrary to church teachings. The council recommended her rebaptism to the First Presidency; this was rejected without explanation, and without reiterating her conditions for reinstatement. Anderson continued to attend weekly church services and published in 2020 a collection of essays regarding inclusiveness and gender inequality in her book Mercy Without End: Toward a More Inclusive Church.{{Cite book|last=Anderson, Lavina Fielding, 1944-|title=Mercy without end : toward a more inclusive church|year=2020|isbn=978-1-56085-382-4|edition=First|location=Salt Lake City|oclc=1141039722}} She died on October 29, 2023.

D. Michael Quinn was a Mormon historian. Among other studies, he documented LDS Church-sanctioned polygamy from 1890 until 1904, after the 1890 Manifesto that officially abandoned the practice."LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890-1904," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought [http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/dialogue&CISOPTR=15581&REC=7 18 (Spring 1985) 9-105] He wrote chapter 17, "Mormon Women Have Had the Priesthood Since 1843" in the book Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism (1992). He was excommunicated September 26.

Quinn was summoned to a disciplinary council to answer charges of "conduct unbecoming a member of the Church and apostasy," including {{" '}}very sensitive and highly confidential' matters that were not related to Michael's historical writings." Anderson has suggested that the "allusion to Michael's sexual orientation, which Michael had not yet made public, was unmistakable."

Quinn afterwards published several critical studies of Mormon hierarchy, including his three-volume work of The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power, and The Mormon Hierarchy: Wealth and Corporate Power. He also authored the 1996 book Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example, which argues that homosexuality was common among early Mormons and was not seen as a serious sin or transgression. He also authored the 1987 book, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, which argues that early Mormon leaders were greatly influenced by folk magic and superstitious beliefs including stone looking, charms, and divining rods.

Despite his excommunication and critical writings, Quinn, who was after his excommunication openly gay,{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/mormons/interviews/quinn.html |title=Interview of D. Michael Quinn |date=30 April 2007 |access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=PBS }} still considered himself to be a Latter-day Saint,Lavina Fielding Anderson. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn," in Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters, edited by John Sillitoe and Susan Staker, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002, pp. 329-363, a stance he maintained until his death in 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/04/22/historian-d-micheal-quinn/|title=Historian D. Michael Quinn, who was booted from the LDS Church as part of the 'September Six' but remained a believer, dies at 77}}

{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}

Except for Whitesides, all of the September Six were excommunicated. Whitesides was disfellowshipped, a lesser sanction that does not formally expel one from church membership. To date, three of the September Six have retained or regained church membership: Avraham GileadiFidel, Steve. [https://archive.today/20130121112242/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/476161/SCHOLAR-REBAPTIZED-INTO-LDS-CHURCH.html?pg=all "Scholar Rebaptized Into LDS Church."] Salt Lake City and Utah Breaking News. Deseret News, 8 March 1996. and Maxine Hanks,Stack, Peggy Fletcher. [http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/54514350-80/church-excommunicated-faith-hanks.html.csp "Excommunicated Mormon to Tell How She Came Back to the Faith."] Utah Local News - Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive. The Salt Lake Tribune, 26 July 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. who were rebaptized, and Lynne Whitesides, who remains a disfellowshipped member.{{Cite news|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/sltrib/news/58060420-78/mormon-church-lds-excommunicated.html.csp|title=Where Mormonism's 'September Six' are now|last=Tribune|first=Peggy Fletcher Stack The Salt Lake|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-16}}

While the LDS Church sometimes announces that a prominent member has been excommunicated, the default policy is to refuse to publicly discuss details about the reasons for any excommunication, even if details of the proceedings are made public by that person. Other than the summons sent to each of the six (specifying that their behavior was "contrary to the laws and order of the church"), the church is silent on why a member was disciplined. Such disciplinary proceedings are typically undertaken locally, initiated by leaders at the ward or stake level, although at least one of the September Six suggested his excommunication was orchestrated by higher-ranking church leaders.{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2012/11/d_michael_quinn_and_mormon_excommunication_the_complicated_life_of_a_mormon.single.html|title=The Case of the Mormon Historian: What happened when Michael Quinn challenged the history of the church he loved|first=David|last=Haglund|publisher=Slate|date=November 1, 2012}}

Procedures pertaining to the organization of these disciplinary councils are found in the church's scriptural Doctrine and Covenants [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/102?lang=eng section 102] as well as in its administrative handbook. During the time of the September Six, Handbook 1, which was only available to ecclesiastical leaders, was in use. In 2020, the church publicly published a revised handbook, [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/general-handbook/title-page?lang=eng General Handbook: Serving in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]. The 2020 Handbook changes some language and procedures regarding church discipline.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/02/19/lds-church-puts-new/|title=LDS Church publishes new handbook with changes to discipline, transgender policy|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-11}}

The LDS Church later excommunicated Janice Merrill Allred in 1995 and Margaret Merrill Toscano in 2000, both of whom had collaborated with several of the September Six and were also involved in disciplinary actions during 1993.Allred, Janice, 1997. "My Struggle for a More Loving, Tolerant, and Egalitarian Church", Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance 2(4). http://mormon-alliance.org/casereports/volume2/part4/v2p4.htm{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/mormons-toscano/|title=Interview: Margaret Toscano {{!}} American Experience|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}

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{{reflist|2}}

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• Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "[http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/dialogue&CISOPTR=22860 The LDS intellectual community and church leadership: A contemporary chronology.]" Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 26(1) [Spring 1993], 7-64.
• Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Freedom of Conscience: A Personal Statement." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 26(4) [Winter 1993], 196–202.
• Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "The Church and Its Scholars: Ten Years After." Sunstone, 128 (July 2003), 13–19.
• {{cite web

|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2012/11/d_michael_quinn_and_mormon_excommunication_the_complicated_life_of_a_mormon.single.html

|title=The Case of the Mormon Historian: What happened when Michael Quinn challenged the history of the church he loved

|first=David

|last=Haglund

|publisher=Slate

|date=November 1, 2012}}

• {{citation |author-link= Peggy Fletcher Stack |last= Stack |first= Peggy Fletcher |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SLTB&p_theme=sltb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(%22exiles%20in%20zion%22)%20AND%20date(8/1/2003%20to%209/1/2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/1/2003%20to%209/1/2006)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(%22exiles%20in%20zion%22)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |title= Exiles in Zion |format= Subscription required |newspaper= The Salt Lake Tribune |date= 16 August 2003}}
• Whitesides, Lynne Kanavel, Toscano, Paul James, Hanks, Maxine, Quinn, D. Michael, and Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Spiritual Paths after September 1993," Sunstone, December 2003, 13–31.
• Waterman, Bryan and Kagel, Brian. The Lord's University: Freedom and Authority at BYU Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998, pp. 258–301.
• "Six intellectuals disciplined for apostasy." Sunstone, November 1993, 65–73.

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• {{cite book |title=The September Six and the Struggle for the Soul of Mormonism |year=2023 |author=Sara M. Patterson |publisher=Signature Books |isbn=978-1560854661}}

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