Setaria viridis

{{Short description|Species of grass}}

{{Speciesbox

|image = Groene naaldaar aarpluim (Setaria viridis).jpg

|genus = Setaria

|species = viridis

|authority = (L.) P.Beauv.

|synonyms = Setaria pycnocoma (Steud.) Henrard ex Nakai

}}

File:Setaria viridis P. Beauv. (Enokorogusa-Japanese) gregarious.jpg Setaria viridis, Chiba Japan]]

File:Symbiosis of Setaria viridis P. Beauv(Enokorogusa-jas)& S. glauca L.(kinenokoro-ja）.JPG of Setaria viridis and Setaria pumila, Chiba Japan in 2008]]

Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Setaria italica.{{GRIN | access-date = 13 December 2014}} It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to Setaria faberi, a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads, lawns, and at the margins of fields. It is the wild antecedent of the crop foxtail millet.

This is an annual grass with decumbent or erect stems growing up to a meter long, and known to reach two meters or more at times. The leaf blades are up to 40 centimeters long and 2.5 wide and glabrous. The inflorescence is a dense, compact, spikelike panicle up to 20 centimeters long, growing erect or sometimes nodding at the tip only. Spikelets are 1.8–2.2 mm long. Each is subtended by up to three stiff bristles. Its fertile lemmas are finely cross-wrinkled.

Setaria viridis is often confused with S. faberi, (Chinese or Giant Foxtail), which has sparse, soft hairs on the leaves and a nodding inflorescence. Setaria viridis is closely related to S. italica (Foxtail Millet), which has larger spikelets about 3 mm long and usually smooth, shiny upper lemmas. Foxtail Millet was cultivated in China by 2700 BC and during the Stone Age in Europe.

Setaria viridis has been proposed as a model to study C4 photosynthesis and related bioenergy grasses.{{cite journal|last=Brutnell|first=T|title=Setaria viridis: a model for C4 photosynthesis|journal=Plant Cell|year=2010|volume=22|issue=8|pages=2537–44|pmid=20693355|doi=10.1105/tpc.110.075309|pmc=2947182|display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Hui|last2=Barbier|first2=Hugues|last3=Brutnell|first3=Thomas|title=Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses|journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments|issue=80|year=2013|issn=1940-087X|doi=10.3791/50527|pmc=3938206|pmid=24121645}} It has a short life cycle (6–8 weeks), is transformable and is currently being sequenced. Genetic resources are currently being developed by a number of groups. A method to break the prolonged seed dormancy has been discovered recently and all these could contribute towards making S. viridis a choice monocot genetic model system.{{cite journal|last=Sebastian|first=J|title=Methods to Promote Germination of Dormant Setaria viridis Seeds|journal=PLoS ONE|year=2014|volume=9|pages=2537–44|pmid=24748008|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095109|issue=4|pmc=3991590|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2014PLoSO...995109S|doi-access=free}}