Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project

Because of its shallow waters, Sethusamudram{{mdash}}the sea separating Sri Lanka from India{{mdash}}presents a hindrance to navigation through the Palk Strait. Though trade across the India-Sri Lanka divide has been active since at least the first millennium BCE, it has been limited to small boats and dinghies. Larger oceangoing vessels coming from the West have had to navigate around Sri Lanka to reach India' eastern coast.{{cite book|last=Francis Jr.|first=Peter|title=Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8248-2332-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/asiasmaritimebea00fran}} Eminent British geographer Major James Rennell surveyed the region in late 18th century; he suggested that a "navigable passage could be maintained by dredging of the Ramisseram [sic]". Little notice was given to his proposal, perhaps because it came from "so young and an unknown officer", and the idea was only revived 60 years later.{{cite journal |last=Rodd |first=Rennell |date=April 1930 |title=Major James Rennell. Born 3 December 1742. Died 20 March 1830 |journal= The Geographical Journal |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages= 289–299 |doi=10.2307/1784813 |publisher=The Geographical Journal, Vol. 75, No. 4 |jstor=1784813|bibcode=1930GeogJ..75..289R }} Efforts were made in 1838 to dredge the canal, but the passage did not remain navigable for any vessels except those with a shallow draft.{{cite encyclopedia|title= Adam's bridge| url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|accessdate=14 September 2007}}

The project was conceived in 1860 by Commander A. D. Taylor of the Indian Marines and has been reviewed many times without a decision being made. It has been part of the election manifestos of all political parties during elections. The Government of India appointed the Sethu Samudram Project Committee in 1955{{mdash}}headed by Dr. A. Ramasamy Mudaliar{{mdash}}which was charged with examining the desirability of the project. After evaluating the costs and benefits, this committee found the project feasible and viable. However it strongly recommended an overland passage instead of a channel cutting through Rama's Bridge. A land passage would have several advantages, such as avoiding shifting sandbanks and navigational hazards.{{cite news|title = Use land based channel and do not cut through Ram bridge:Sethu samudram project committee report to Union Government|url = http://www.india-forum.com/articles/10327/1/Rama-Setu-and-setusamudram-channel-conspiracy|date = 30 September 2007|accessdate = 15 October 2007|quote = In these circumstances we have no doubt, whatever that the junction between the two sea should be effected by a Canal; and the idea of cutting a passage in the sea through Ram’s Bridge should be abandoned.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013125126/http://www.india-forum.com/articles/10327/1/Rama-Setu-and-setusamudram-channel-conspiracy|archive-date = 13 October 2007|url-status = dead}} Several reviews of the proposals followed until the United Progressive Alliance Government of India headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced the inauguration of the project on 2 July 2005.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

In 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh appointed Rajendra K. Pachauri as the head of a six-member committee to look at an alternative alignment avoiding the sensitive Rama Sethu stretch.{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/31/stories/2008073161591100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805081628/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/31/stories/2008073161591100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2008 |work=The Hindu |title=Pachauri to head six-member experts committee - Today's Paper |date=2008-07-31 |accessdate=2 September 2015}} In 2013, the committee released its report calling the project "unviable both from the economic as well as ecological angles". The Indian government rejected the committee's report and decided to go ahead with the project in its current form.{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/setusamudram-project-will-be-made-says-centre/1/251414.html |title=Centre junks Pachauri report, will go ahead with Setusamudram project |first=Gyanant |last=Singh |date=23 February 2013 |accessdate=10 October 2013 |publisher=Living Media India Limited |work=India Today.in}} In 2014, the Modi government decided that the project would be implemented by deepening the Pamban pass which would save the Rama Setu from destruction. {{As of|2020|12|post=,}} the project remains unfinished. In July 2020, parliamentary leader T. R. Baalu presented a letter to Prime Minister Modi urging him to finish the project before 2024. In the letter, Baalu cited tensions between India and China over influence in Sri Lanka, claiming that China will gain too strong of a diplomatic and economic foothold in Sri Lanka if the Indian government does not continue development in the region.{{cite news|last = Nair|first = Shilpa|title = Citing Indo-China conflict, DMK MP TR Baalu urges PM Modi to restore the 'Sethusamudram' project|newspaper = Times Now|location = India|date = 10 July 2020|url = https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/citing-indo-china-conflict-dmk-mp-tr-baalu-urges-pm-modi-to-restore-the-sethusamudram-project/619635}} In March 2021 the closure of the project was announced.{{cite web |last1=Bhaskar |first1=Utpal |title=SPV for Sethusamudram project to be wound up |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/spv-for-sethusamudram-project-to-be-wound-up-11615834213074.html |website=mint |access-date=23 May 2022 |language=en |date=16 March 2021}} On 12 January 2023, the Tamilnadu Government unanimously passed a resolution demanding that the project be revived.

File:Alternative Alignments.png. None of them have suggested an alignment across Rama's Bridge.{{cite news|title=Most of the earlier committees have suggested land based passages across Rameswaram Island|url=http://sethusamudram.gov.in/History.asp|date=16 October 2007|accessdate=16 October 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012322/http://sethusamudram.gov.in/History.asp |archivedate = 14 October 2007}}]]

Some naval hydrographers and experts suggest that the project is unlikely to be financially viable or serve ships in any significant way. The time savings for ships sailing from Kanyakumari or Tuticorin is between 10 and 30 hours. Ships from destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Mauritius and Europe, would save an average of 8 hours using the canal. At the present tariff rates, ships from Africa and Europe will lose {{USD|4992}} on every voyage because the savings in time for these ships are considerably lower than what is calculated in the DPR. This loss is significant because 65% of the canal's projected users are from Africa and Europe. If tariffs are lowered to a point where ships from Africa and Europe will not lose money from using the canal, the IRR of the project falls to 2.6%.{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/10823.pdf |title=Sethusamudram Canal: An Expensive Voyage? |first=Jacob |last=John |work=Economic and Political Weekly |date=21 July 2007 |pages=2993–2996 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828042426/http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/10823.pdf |archivedate=28 August 2008 |accessdate=9 October 2013 }} This is a level at which even public infrastructure projects are rejected by the government.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

The canal is designed for ships of 30,000 metric tonnes and lighter. Most new ships weighing more than 60,000 tonnes and tankers weighing above 150,000 tonnes cannot use this canal.{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/01inter.htm |title='The Sethu Samudram does not make nautical sense' |work=rediff.com|accessdate=2 September 2015}}

Axis Bank Ltd. was appointed "loan arranger" for the project in 2005.Since its inception in 2004, costs have risen to at least {{INRConvert|4000|c|nolink=yes}}, interest rates have risen and old loan terms have lapsed. The loan sanctions, valid only up to {{INRConvert|2400|c|nolink=yes}}, lapsed. To secure more money, Sethusamudram Corp. Ltd would have to draw up new reports, sit with parliamentary committees and receive fresh approval.{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=f9c8dce4-77cc-42a9-86b3-b66fcdf0efedTheRamSetuRow_Special&&Headline=Ram+Setu+project+faces+cash+crunch |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110605092853/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=f9c8dce4-77cc-42a9-86b3-b66fcdf0efedTheRamSetuRow_Special&&Headline=Ram+Setu+project+faces+cash+crunch |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2011 |title=Latest news on India, World, Sports, Bollywood from Hindustan Times, India's most trusted news brand | Ram Setu project faces cash crunch- Hindustan Times |publisher=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=2 September 2015 }} The project cost which originally were {{INRConvert|24700|c|nolink=yes}} will grow by almost {{INRConvert|4500|c|nolink=yes}}, a shipping ministry source said.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_sethusamudram-project-cost-rises-by-rs-4500-cr_1292583 |title=Sethusamudram project cost rises by Rs 4500 cr |work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=2 September 2015}}

The project would disturb the ecological balance and destroy corals and kill marine life. The area is an important fishing ground for Tamil Nadu and the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is in the vicinity of the proposed project. Opposition to the canal's planned route has come from local fishermen who are demanding alternative channels, which are available. They say the planned route would destroy marine life and corals and would impact the trade in conch shells that is worth almost {{INRConvert|150|c|nolink=yes}} a year. Deposits of thorium, important for nuclear fuel requirements, would also be affected. Opponents also say that the dumping of dredged material from the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar in deeper waters would "endanger those areas, which are rich reserves containing 400 endangered species, including whales, sea turtles, dugongs and dolphins".{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/india.srilanka |title=India's Suez canal opens up divide |first=Randeep |last=Ramesh |date=2 July 2005 |accessdate=16 October 2013 | work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Ltd. }}

Tsunami expert Professor Tad Murty{{mdash}}who advised the Government of India on the tsunami warning system{{mdash}}has said that the planned route may result in increased impact from tsunami waves. He wrote, "During the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004, the southern part of Kerala was generally spared from a major tsunami, mainly because the tsunami waves from Sumatra region travelling south of the Sri Lankan island, partially diffracted northward and affected the central part of the Kerala coast. Since the tsunami is a long gravity wave (similar to tides and storm surges) during the diffraction process, the rather wide turn it has to take spared the south Kerala coast. On the other hand, deepening the Sethu Canal might provide a more direct route for the tsunami and this could impact south Kerala."{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/tarun/20070425.htm |title=Why the Ram Setu must not be destroyed |first=Tarun |last=Vijay |date=25 April 2007 |accessdate=10 October 2013 |work=Rediff.com}}

On 21 April 2010, the Supreme Court of India decided to delay the project until an Environmental impact analysis on the feasibility of a route through Dhanuskodi instead of Rama's Bridge had been carried out.{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sethu-order-not-for-a-year-sc-to-wait-for-panel-report/609533/0 | work=indianexpress | location=New Delhi| title=Sethu order not for a year, SC to wait for panel report | date=22 April 2010 | accessdate=2 October 2010}}

Opposition to the project came from some Hindu groups that want to preserve Rama’s Bridge as they believe it was created by Rama as described in the ancient epic Ramayana.{{cite news |url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2008/01/indias-sethu-canal-project-que-sera.html |title=India's Sethu Canal Project :Que Sera Sera for Sri Lanka| first=Willie |last=Mendis |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=16 October 2013 |work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/sethusamudram-ship-channel-project-likely-to-be-terminated/article33436612.ece|publisher=Business Line|title=Sethusamudram ship channel project set to be beached|author=Manoj, P|date=2020-12-28}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217153055/http://sethusamudram.gov.in/English_Index.asp Sethusamudram Corporation Limited]
• [http://tamilnation.org/forum/sivaram/041006.htm Geo-Strategic Implications of Sethusamudram]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323031012/http://www.manitham.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92%3Asethusamudram-ship-canal-project-interim-report-&catid=35%3Aartrep&Itemid=54 Manitham's Interim Report on Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project]

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Category:Ship canals

Category:Canals in India

Category:Politics of India

Category:Proposed canals

Category:International canals

Category:Water transport in Sri Lanka

Category:Transport in Thoothukudi

Category:Gulf of Mannar

Category:Palk Strait

Category:Macro-engineering

Category:Proposed transport infrastructure in Sri Lanka