Shö language
{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma and Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Shö
| states = Burma, Bangladesh
| ethnicity = Asho Chin
| speakers = 50,000
| date = 1983–2011
| ref = e18
| speakers2 = plus an unknown number of Shendu
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = Tibeto-Burman
| fam3 = Central Tibeto-Burman (?)
| fam4 = Kuki-Chin–Naga
| fam5 = Kuki-Chin
| fam6 = Southern
| lc1 = cnb
| ld1 = Chinbon Chin
| lc2 = csh
| ld2 = Asho Chin
| lc3 = shl
| ld3 = Shendu
| glotto =
| glottoname =
| glotto2 = chin1478
| glottoname2 = Chinbon Chin
| glotto3 = asho1236
| glottoname3 = Asho Chin
| glotto4 = shen1247
| glottoname4 = Shendu
}}
Shö is a Kuki-Chin language dialect cluster of Burma and Bangladesh. There are perhaps three distinct dialects, Asho (Khyang), Chinbon, and Shendu.
Mayin and Longpaw are not mutually intelligible, but have been subsumed under the ISO code for Chinbon because Mayin-Longpaw speakers generally understand Chinbon.{{Cite web |title=Change Request Documentation For: 2014-063 |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2014-063&lang=cmw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512073830/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2014-063&lang=cmw |archive-date=2015-05-12 |website=SIL International}} Minkya is similarly included because most Minkya speakers understand Mayin.{{Cite web |title=Change Request Documentation For: 2014-062 |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2014-062&lang=cmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512062915/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2014-062&lang=cmy |archive-date=2015-05-12 |website=SIL International}} A written script was developed by Rev. Lyman Stilson in 1842.{{Cite journal |last=Lian |first=Salai Van Cung |last2=Salem-Gervais |first2=Nicolas |date=November 2020 |title=How Many Chin Languages Should Be Taught in Government Schools? Ongoing developments and structural challenges of language-in-education policy in Chin State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345667190_How_Many_Chin_Languages_Should_Be_Taught_in_Government_Schools_Ongoing_developments_and_structural_challenges_of_language-in-education_policy_in_Chin_State |journal=Parami Journal of Education |volume=1 |issue=1}}
Geographical distribution
Chinbon (Uppu) is spoken in the following townships of Myanmar.Ethnologue
- Chin State: Kanpetlet and Paletwa townships
- Magway Region: Saw and Sidoktaya townships
- Rakhine State: Minbya township
Asho is spoken in Ayeyarwady Region, Bago Region, and Magway Region, and Rakhine State, Myanmar.
VanBik (2009:38){{Cite book |last=VanBik |first=Kenneth |title=Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages |date=2009 |publisher=UC Berkeley |isbn=0-944613-47-0}} lists the following Asho dialects.
- Settu (spoken from Sittwe to Thandwe — mostly Sittwe to Ann)
- Laitu (spoken in Sidoktaya Township)
- Awttu (spoken in Mindon Township)
- Kowntu (spoken in Ngaphe, Minhla, Minbu)
- Kaitu (spoken in Pegu, Mandalay, Magway)
- Lauku (spoken in Myepone, Kyauk Phyu, Ann)
Shendu is spoken in Mizoram, India.
Phonology
The Asho dialect (K’Chò) has 26 to 30 consonants and ten to eleven vowels depending on the dialect.
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Asho consonant phonemes in the Hill dialect{{Cite thesis |last=Tignor |first=Daniel |title=A Phonology of Hill (kone-Tu) Asho |date=2018 |degree=MA |publisher=University of North Dakota |url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/2364}} ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
rowspan="3" | Plosive
! {{small|plain}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t̪}} | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
---|
{{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} | | {{IPA link|kʰ}} | |
{{small|implosive}}
| {{IPA link|ɓ}} | {{IPA link|ɗ}} | | | |
rowspan="2" | Nasal
! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
{{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|m̥}} | {{IPA link|n̥}} | {{IPA link|ɲ̊}} | {{IPA link|ŋ̊}} | |
rowspan="3" | Fricative
! {{small|plain}} | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | {{IPA link|h}} |
{{small|aspirated}}
| | {{IPA link|sʰ}} | | | {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
{{small|lateral}}
| | {{IPA link|ɬ}} | | | |
colspan="2" | Approximant
| {{IPA link|w}} | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | |
- Voiced plosives /b d ɡ z/ are only heard in the Plains dialect.
- In the Plains dialect, dental plosives /t̪ t̪ʰ/ are pronounced as alveolar [t tʰ], along with /d/ being only alveolar.
- Velar plosives /k kʰ/ may be palatalized as affricates [tʃ tʃʰ] before front vowels.
- In some dialects a voiceless {{IPAblink|j̊}} is heard in place of /ʃ/.
- /j/ may also be heard as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in free variation among dialects.
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels ! ! colspan="2" | Front ! Central ! colspan="2" | Back |
Close
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|i}} / {{IPA link|ˠi}} || {{IPA link|ʉ}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}} |
---|
Near-close
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} | {{IPA link|ʏ}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
Close-mid
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|e}} || ({{IPA link|ə̆}}) | {{IPA link|ɤ}} || {{IPA link|o}} |
Open-mid
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɛ}} | | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
Open
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA link|a}} | colspan="2" | |
Diphthongs: {{IPA|ei, ai, au}}
- Sounds /ʏ ʉ/ only occur in the Hill dialect. In the Plains dialect, /ʊ u/ is heard in place of /ʏ ʉ/.
- A shortened [ə̆] is heard in unstressed syllables.
- /ɤ/ can sometimes be heard as more central {{IPAblink|ɘ}}.
- A prevelarized /ˠi/ occurs in the Plains dialect.
Morphology
Similar to other Kukish languages, many Asho verbs have two distinct stems. This stem alternation is a Proto-Kukish feature, which has been retained to different degrees in different Kukish languages.{{Cite thesis |last=Kee Shein Mang |title=A Syntactic and Pragmatic Description of Verb Stem Alternation in K’chò, a Chin Language |date=2006 |degree=MA |publisher=Payap University |url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Kee_Shein_Mang_Thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526135346/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Kee_Shein_Mang_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-26}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Languages of Burma}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sho language}}
Category:Languages of Bangladesh
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