Shabbat elevator

Jewish law forbids those who observe it from undertaking various forms of "work" on the Sabbath, including that they may not create sparks or fires. In recent times, this has been extrapolated to also cover the operation of electrical equipment.

An elevator may be marked with a sign noting that it is specially configured for Shabbat observance.{{cite web |url=https://postimg.cc/YGNXqPJM |title=Photo of an inscription outside a Sabbath elevator |access-date=11 October 2018}} There are several ways the elevator works (going up and down), stopping at every floor, stopping at alternate floors, or rising to the top floor and stopping, while going down.

Shabbat elevators can be found in areas of large Jewish population in Israel, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ukraine (Dnipro), Argentina, and Brazil. They are found in hotels,{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_a4hAQAAQBAJ&q=shabbat+elevators+hotels&pg=PR11 |title = The Shabbat Elevator and other Sabbath Subterfuges: An Unorthodox Essay on Circumventing Custom and Jewish Character|isbn = 9781461645603|last1 = Dundes|first1 = Alan|date = 21 January 2002| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWh_AgAAQBAJ&q=shabbat+elevators+hotels&pg=PA74 |title = When Religion Meets New Media|isbn = 9781134272136|last1 = Campbell|first1 = Heidi|author-link = Heidi Campbell (professor)|date = 5 April 2010| publisher=Routledge }} hospitals and other health institutions,{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFG4jQDufTIC&q=shabbat+elevators+hospitals&pg=PA12 |title = Paging God: Religion in the Halls of Medicine|isbn = 9780226922133|last1 = Cadge|first1 = Wendy|date = 18 January 2013| publisher=University of Chicago Press }}{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gV9uDwAAQBAJ&q=shabbat+elevators+hospitals&pg=PA61 |title = Fast Facts: Religion and Medicine|isbn = 9781903734940|last1 = Boyle|first1 = D. C. M.|last2 = Lee|first2 = Men-Jean|date = January 2008| publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers }} apartment buildings,{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEEfDAAAQBAJ&q=shabbat+elevators+apartment+building&pg=PA137 |title = Jewish Topographies: Visions of Space, Traditions of Place|isbn = 9781317111016|last1 = Brauch|first1 = Julia|last2 = Lipphardt|first2 = Anna|date = 6 May 2016| publisher=Routledge }} and sometimes in synagogues.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uj7Dqe2rngEC&q=shabbat+elevators+synagogue&pg=PA167 |title = Israguide 2007/08|isbn = 9781598261547|year = 2008| publisher=Feldheim Publishers }}

The Israeli Knesset passed a special Shabbat elevator law{{cite web |url=http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/exeres/D129ACB3-7445-4F76-8225-FC2D9BFAEB34.htm |title=Israeli Planning and Building Law - 1965: Chapter 158A A1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607022258/http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/exeres/D129ACB3-7445-4F76-8225-FC2D9BFAEB34.htm |archive-date=7 June 2009 |access-date=11 October 2018 |language=Hebrew}} in 2001, ordering the planning and building of all residential buildings, and public buildings which have more than one elevator, to install a control mechanism for Shabbat (Shabbat module) in one of the elevators.{{cite news |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-954569,00.html |first=Avishay |last=Ben Haim |title=A new law: to establish Shabbat elevators in Story-Buildings |work=Ynet |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=11 October 2018 |language=Hebrew}}

In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step in and out without having to press any buttons. Otherwise, Jewish law prohibits observers from using an elevator on Shabbat in the usual manner, because pressing the button to operate the elevator closes a circuit, which is one of the activities prohibited on Shabbat and may also indirectly lead to "writing" of the new floor number in the display.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023|reason=on the writing issue, but I think it's self-evidently true. - Shalom Yechiel.}}

In 2009, some Haredi rabbis, led by Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, published a religious injunction forbidding the use of Shabbat elevators.{{cite news |last=Nahshoni |first=Kobi |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3782981,00.html |title=Rabbi Elyashiv: Don't use Shabbat elevators |work=Ynet |date=2 October 2009 |access-date=11 October 2018}}

Some interpreters believe that a non-Jew known as a "Shabbos goy" may not be employed to press the buttons and hold the door for Jews in buildings that do not have Shabbat elevators, unless the Jew has great difficulty using the stairs themselves. As discussed in that article, a non-Jew is not expected to keep the Sabbath like a Jew. Therefore, Jewish law holds that a Jew may benefit from work performed by a non-Jew only if the non-Jew performs this work for his own good and of his own free will.

A borderline case is when a Jew hints to a non-Jew that they would like them to perform a certain service without explicitly asking. These borderline cases are not considered legitimate by many Orthodox rabbis.{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Rabbi Simcha Bunim |title=The Sanctity of Shabbos |publisher=Mesorah Publications |year=1988 |isbn=9780899068800 |location=Lakewood, NJ}}

• 39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat
• Electricity on Shabbat
• Driving on Shabbat
• Paternoster elevator

• Bannett, D. R. The Sabbath Elevator Question, Elevators and Shabbat, The Institute for Science and Halacha.
• {{cite book |last1=Halperin |first1=Levi Yitzchak |last2=Oratz |first2=Dovid |title=Shabbat and Electricity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05kRAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Institute for Science and Halacha |isbn=9780873066440 |year=1993}}
• {{cite book |title=The Shabbat Elevator and other Sabbath Subterfuges: An Unorthodox Essay on Circumventing Custom and Jewish Character |first=Alan |last=Dundes |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781461645603 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_a4hAQAAQBAJ}}

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Category:Shabbat innovations

Category:Elevators