Shaddah

In shape, it is a small letter {{lang|ar|س}} s(h)in, standing for shaddah. It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.Versteegh, 1997. The Arabic language. p 56.

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When a {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} is used on a consonant which also takes a Arabic diacritics#Fatḥah {{IPA|/a/}}, the {{transl|ar|ALA|fatḥah}} is written above the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}}. If the consonant takes a Arabic diacritics#Kasrah {{IPA|/i/}}, it is written between the consonant and the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.

For example, see the location of the diacritics on the letter {{lang|ar|ـهـ}} {{transl|ar|ALA|h}} in the following words:

When writing Arabic by hand, it is customary first to write the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} and then the vowel diacritic.

In Unicode representation, the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} can appear either before or after the vowel diacritic, and most modern fonts can handle both options. However, in the canonical Unicode ordering the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} appears following the vowel diacritic, even though phonetically it should follow directly the consonantal letter.

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File:Kufi script (D.Vb) - 2 - Qur'anic verses.jpg

Consonant length in Arabic is contrastive: {{Lang|ar|دَرَسَ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|darasa}} means "he studied", while {{Lang|ar|دَرَّسَ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|darrasa}} means "he taught"; {{Lang|ar|بَكى صَبي}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|bakā ṣabiyy}} means "a youth cried" while {{Lang|ar|بَكّى الصَّبي}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|bakkā ṣ-ṣabiyy}} means "the youth was made to cry".

A consonant may be long because of the form of the noun or verb; e.g., the causative form of the verb requires the second consonant of the root to be long, as in {{Transl|ar|ALA|darrasa}} above, or by assimilation of consonants, for example the {{Transl|ar|l-}} of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to all dental consonants, e.g. ({{lang|ar|الصّبي}}) {{Transl|ar|(a)ṣ-ṣabiyy}} instead of {{Transl|ar|(a)l-ṣabiyy}}, or through metathesis, the switching of sounds, for example {{Lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqall}} 'less, fewer' (instead of *{{Lang|ar|أَقْلَل}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqlal}}), as compared to {{Lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|akbar}} 'greater'.

A syllable closed by a long consonant is made a long syllable. This affects both stress and prosody. Stress falls on the first long syllable from the end of the word, hence {{Lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqáll}} (or, with iʻrāb, {{Transl|ar|aqállu}}) as opposed to {{Lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} {{Transl|ar|ákbar}}, {{Lang|ar|مَحَبّة}} {{Transl|ar|maḥábbah}} "love, agape" as opposed to {{Lang|ar|مَعْرِفة}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|maʻrifah}} '(experiential) knowledge'. In Arabic verse, when scanning the meter, a syllable closed by a long consonant is counted as long, just like any other syllable closed by a consonant or a syllable ending in a long vowel: {{Lang|ar|أَلا تَمْدَحَنَّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|a-lā tamdaḥanna}} 'Will you not indeed praise...?' is scanned as {{Transl|ar|a-lā tam-da-ḥan-na}}: short, long, long, short, long, short.

• Arabic diacritics
• Arabic alphabet
• Dagesh ḥazak, a functionally similar diacritic used to indicate gemination in Biblical Hebrew

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Category:Arabic diacritics

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