Shams (deity)

{{multiple issues|

{{more footnotes|date=September 2021}}

{{unreliable sources|date=September 2021}}

}}

{{Fertile Crescent myth (Arabian)}}

Shams, also called or Shamsum or Dhat-Ba' dhanum, is a sun goddess of Arabian mythology. She was the patron goddess of the Himyarite Kingdom.[https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&dq=shams+sun+goddess&pg=PA70 Encyclopedia of World Religions], Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2006 Her name meant 'shining', 'Sun', or 'brilliant'. She was the South Arabian equivalent of the North Arabian sun goddess Nuha.

Prior to Islam, religion on the Arabian Peninsula focused on local gods, with every tribe and kingdom having their particular protective deities. However, there were also gods common for all Arabs, and the trinity of gods representing the Sun, the Moon and the planet Venus seem to have been worshipped throughout Arabia, though their names, gender and worship differed between regions. Thus, Nuha was the name of the sun goddess in Northern Arabia, while the name of the sun goddess in Southern Arabia was Shams.

As Nuha, Shams was also worshipped in a trinity alongside the male gods of the Moon and Venus. In Saba', the sun goddess Shams was worshipped{{cite journal |last1=Knapp |first1=Bettina L. |title=The Kaliph Hakim and History as a Cyclical Happening |journal=Nineteenth-Century French Studies |date=1976 |volume=5 |issue=1/2 |pages=79–93 |jstor=44627449 }}{{cite journal |last1=Beeston |first1=A. F. L. |title=Review of L'Arabie préislamique et son environment historique et culturel: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 24-27 juin, 1987 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1991 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=266–273 |doi=10.1017/S135618630000064X |jstor=25182330 }} with the god of the planet Venus, Athtar, and Almaqah, the god of the Moon. In Hadhramaut, Shams was worshipped with Athtar and the moon god Syn. Shams was described as the spouse of Athtar who is also known as 'Attar. 'Attar is a God of War and also a giver of water that is essential to life. The antelope is sacred to him and a symbol of his is the spear-point.{{cite book |last1=Lurker |first1=Manfred |title=A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-10628-6 }}{{pn|date=September 2023}} She was given votive offerings in the shape of horses.

In Mesopotamia, Athtar was identified with the goddess Ishtar, and Shams with the sun god Shamash.{{cite book |doi=10.31826/9781463237097-005 |chapter=Chapter III. An Excavation of the Cave |title=A Place Between Two Places |date=2017 |pages=107–192 |isbn=978-1-4632-3709-7 }}

According to Peter Stein, the "Hymn of Qaniya" is dedicated to this goddess.{{cite book |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176881.i-864.58 |chapter=Literacy in Pre-Islamic Arabia: An Analysis of the Epigraphic Evidence |title=The Qurʾān in Context |date=2009 |last1=Stein |first1=Peter |pages=255–280 |isbn=978-90-474-3032-2 }}