Shankar–Jaikishan

{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Shankar

| image =

| image_size =

| landscape =

| alt =

| caption =

| background = non_performing_personnel

| birth_name = Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|10|15}}

| birth_place = Hyderabad Deccan, Hyderabad State (present-day Telangana)

| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1987|04|26|1922|10|15}}

| death_place = Bombay, Maharashtra, India

| genre =

| years_active = 1949–1987

| label =

| associated_acts = Jaikishan

}}

Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi (15 October 1922 – 26 April 1987) was from Hyderabad, British India.{{cite web |title=Shankar Jaikishan, Music Director |website=Cinemaazi.com website, Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation |date= |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/shankar-jaikishan |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130232107/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/shankar-jaikishan |url-status=live }} During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib. For many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed.

Shankar started his career with a theater group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla and performed some minor roles in plays. It was at Prithvi Theatre that he learnt to play and mastered several other instruments like Sitar, Accordion and Piano. Besides his work at Prithvi Theatre, he also started working as an assistant to the leading composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram and nurtured the ambition of becoming an independent music director.

{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Jaikishan

| image =

| image_size =

| landscape = yes

| alt =

| caption =

| background = non_performing_personnel

| birth_name = Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|11|04}}

| birth_place = Vansda, Bansda, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Gujarat)

| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1971|09|12|1929|11|04}}

| death_place = Bombay, Maharashtra, India

| genre =

| years_active = 1949 – 1971

| label =

| associated_acts = Shankar

}}

Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal (4 November 1929 – 12 September 1971) was born to Dahyabhai Panchal and his wife. As a child he lived in Bansda (Vansada), a town in the present-day state of Gujarat. Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji and later from Prem Shankar Nayak. After moving to Mumbai, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe.

Apart from working at Prithvi Theatre, Shankar used to frequently visit the office of a Gujarati director, Chandravadan Bhatt, who had promised Shankar a break as composer when he produced a film. It was outside the office of Bhatt that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times. He started a conversation one day and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and also visiting the same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then and there assured Jaikishan of the job of a harmonium player at Prithvi Theatre (without asking Prithviraj Kapoor, fondly referred to as 'Papaji'). Papaji honoured Shankar's selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two developed a close friendship to the extent that the people started referring to them 'Ram-Lakshman' and by several similar-meaning nicknames. Apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan.

While working in Prithvi Theatre, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose tunes and were in touch with Raj Kapoor, who was working as an assistant to the famous director Kidar Sharma and was aspiring to be an actor/director. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theatre.

Shankar-Jaikishan began their career in 1949 with Raj Kapoor's romantic drama Barsaat.{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-in-kashmir-for-shooting-of-dunki-1212803.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan in Kashmir for shooting of ‘Dunki’|website=Deccan Herald}} The film proved to be an All Time Blockbuster at the box office and its soundtrack album a major success which not only established Shankar-Jaikishan, but also made Lata Mangeshkar the leading playback singer of Bollywood as songs sung by her, such as "Hawa Mein Udta Jaye, "Jiya Beqarar Hai", "Barsaat Mein Humse Mile" proved to be superhits.{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/with-pathaan-and-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-becomes-only-actor-after-raj-kapoor-to-deliver-2-atgs-in-a-single-year-1247199|title=With Pathaan and Jawan, Shah Rukh Khan becomes only actor after Raj Kapoor to deliver 2 ATGs in a single year|date=29 September 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-enduring-legacy-of-shankar-jaikishan-1031579.html|title=The enduring legacy of Shankar-Jaikishan|date=24 September 2021}} The soundtrack was listed by Planet Bollywood at number 1 on their list of the 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks. Rakesh Budhu of Planet Bollywood gave 10 stars stating, "Barsaat is ideally one of Hindi cinema's best soundtracks". They began the new decade with another Raj Kapoor film Awaara (1951), which again proved to be a huge commercial success and its soundtrack the best-selling Hindi film album of the 1950s with a number of chartbuster songs, including "Hum Tujhse Mohabbat Kar Ke", "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi" and "Awaara Hoon", which made Mukesh the playback voice for Kapoor and one of the leading playback singers of his time along with Mohammed Rafi.{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1950-1959|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042835/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2010|website=Box Office India|date=5 February 2010}}

From 1952 to 1954, they composed for films like Daag (1952), Patita (1953), Aah (1953) and Boot Polish (1954), all of which had notable numbers, such as "Ae Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal" (Daag), “Yaad Kiya Dil Ne” (Patita), "Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat" (Aah) and "Nanhe Munne Bachche Teri Mutthi Mein Kya Hai" (Boot Polish).{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-the-best-of-shankar-jaikishan-in-10-songs-part-1-2205172|title=Bollywood Retrospect: The best of Shankar-Jaikishan in 10 songs - Part 1|date=23 April 2016}}

Shankar-Jaikishan hit the big league in 1955 with Shree 420 and Seema, both of which had songs written by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri.{{cite web |title=Gulzar on Shailendra in Naya Gyanodaya |year=2011 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58301564/Gulzar-on-Shailendra-in-Naya-Gyanodaya}} Songs from both the films "Mera Joota Hai Japani", "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana", "Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" in the former and "Tu Pyar Ka Sagar Hai", "Kahaan Jaa Raha Hain", "Ye Duniya Gam Ka Mela Hai" in the latter proved to highly popular among the masses and played a major role in box office success of both the films.{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/when-shailendras-mera-joota-hai-japani-went-global-thanks-to-deadpool/articleshow/55974967.cms |title=When Shailendra's 'Mera Joota Hai Japani' went global, thanks to 'Deadpool' |author=Avijit Ghosh |newspaper=The Times of India}} The following year, they composed for Raja Nawathe's Basant Bahar and Anant Thakur's Chori Chori.{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Kishwar |title=Darlinji |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-697-7 |location=India |page=142}} Both the films were received well by critics as well as audience and their success was attributed to melodious songs by the duo many of which found a spot in the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala, such as "Badi Der Bhayee", a solo by Rafi, "Panchhi Banoon, Udti Phiroon", a solo by Mangeshkar, "Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum Tum Mile", "Yeh Raat Bheegi Bheegi" and "Nain Mile Chain Kahan", all three duets by Mangeshkar and Manna Dey.{{cite news|title=Basant Bahar (1956) - film review |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/149052/Basant-Bahar/overview |access-date=20 February 2025|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110520012323/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/149052/Basant-Bahar/overview |newspaper=The New York Times|author=Nathan Southern|date=2011|archive-date=20 May 2011}}Reliving the Geetmala lore.

S.K. Screen, Friday, 22 September 2000, transcript available online at {{cite web |url=http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_4.htm |title=Ameen Sayani/Press Reviews |access-date=2006-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905081633/http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_4.htm |archive-date=5 September 2005 |df=dmy-all }}, accessed online on 29 July 2006 Chori Chori also won Shankar-Jaikishan their first Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }} In the late-1950s, they delivered back-to-back musical hits with Bimal Roy's Yahudi (1958), L. V. Prasad's Chhoti Bahen (1959) and Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anari (1959), all three of which were critically and commercially successful, especially Anari which emerged as the highest-earning film of 1959 and one of the best-selling Hindi film album of the decade. It also won Shankar-Jaikishan their second Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1960/101|title=Filmfare Awards (1960) - Winners|work=The Times of India }}

Shankar-Jaikishan began the 1960s with films, such as Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai and Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai. Commercially, both the films emerged huge hits and their songs proved chartbuster, which were - "Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh" and "Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai" (Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai), "Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai" and "Aa Ab Laut Chalen" (Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai). For Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai, Shankar-Jaikishan won their third Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction. From 1961 to 1963, they delivered a string of superhit songs like "Teri Pyari Pyari Soorat Ko" and "Ek Sawal Main Karoon" (Sasural), "Sau Saal Pehle" and "Jiya O Jiya" (Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai), "Dil Mera Ek Aas Ka Panchhi" and "Tum Roothi Raho" (Aas Ka Panchhi), "Chahe Koi Mujhe Junglee Kahe" and "Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par" (Junglee), "Tera Mera Pyaar Amar" and "Tujhe Jeevan Ki Dor Se" (Asli-Naqli), "Main Chali Main Chali" and "Aawaz Deke Humein Tum Bulao" (Professor), "Allah Jaane Kya Hoga Aage" and "Dil Mera Chup Chap Jala" (Hariyali Aur Rasta), "Mujhe Kitna Pyar Hai Tumse" and "Dil Tera Deewana Hai Sanam" (Dil Tera Deewana), "Ruk Ja Raat" and "Yaad Na Jaye Beete Dinon Ki" (Dil Ek Mandir).{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-shankar-jaikishan-masters-of-the-golden-age-of-hindi-film-music-8868838.html|title=Shankar-Jaikishan: Masters of the Golden Age of Hindi Film Music|date=27 April 2024}} The soundtrack of Junglee proved to be one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1960s and for their work in the romantic comedy Professor, Shankar-Jaikishan received their fourth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1963/101|title=Filmfare Awards 1963|work=The Times of India }}

Shankar-Jaikishan reached their peak in the mid-1960s with highly successful ventures, such as Ayee Milan Ki Bela (1964), Rajkumar (1964), April Fool (1964), Zindagi (1964), Sangam (1964), Arzoo (1965), Gumnaam (1965), Jaanwar (1965), Love In Tokyo (1966) and Suraj (1966). Most of the songs from these films - "Mere Man Ki Ganga Aur Tere Man Ki Jamuna Ka", Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padhkar", Tumhe Aur Kya Du Mai Dil Ke Sivaye", "Tum Kamsin Ho Nadan Ho", "Hum Pyar Ka Sauda", "Pehle Mile The Sapnon Mein", "Main Kya Karoon Ram", "Dost Dost Na Raha", "Lal Chhadi Maidan Khadi", "Tumse Achha Kaun Hai", "April Fool Banaya, To Unko Gussa Aaya", "Jaan Pehechan Ho", "Gumnaam Hai Koi", "Hum Kaale Hain To Kya Hua Dilwale Hain", "Aji Rooth Kar Ab Kahan Jaaiyega", "Ae Phoolon Ki Rani", "Love In Tokyo", "Baharon Phool Barsao" and "Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali", featured in the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala and for Suraj, Shankar-Jaikishan won their fifth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.{{cite news|title=It's all in the name|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324233911/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2004|access-date=13 March 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 September 2002}}{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1967/101|title=Filmfare Awards 1967|work=The Times of India }} Also the music of Sangam, Arzoo and Suraj proved to be the top, eighth and thirteenth best-selling Bollywood albums of the decade, respectively.

From 1967 onwards, they began to face competition from new crop of composers, including Laxmikant–Pyarelal, Kalyanji–Anandji and R. D. Burman.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=How did Laxmikant-Pyarelal end Shankar-Jaikishan era in Bollywood? Happier, cheaper music |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-did-laxmikant-pyarelal-end-shankar-jaikishan-era-in-bollywood-happier-cheaper-music/766662/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=ThePrint}} Towards the end of the 1960s, their notable hits, included An Evening in Paris (1967), Shikar (1968), Brahmachari (1968), Kanyadaan (1968) and Prince (1969), which had memorable songs, such as "Aasman Se Aaya Farishta" and "Raat Ke Humsafar Thakke Ghar Ko Chale" (An Evening in Paris), "Jabse Lagi Tose Najariya, Nas Nas Mein Daude Hai" and "Parde Mein Rahne Do" (Shikar), "Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein" and "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyar Ke Charche" (Brahmachari), "Likhe Jo Khat Tujhe" and "Meri Zindagi Mein Aate" (Kanyadaan), "Badan Pe Sitare Lapete" and "Madhosh Hawa Matwali Fiza" (Prince).{{cite web |title='Fanney Khan' new song 'Badan Pe Sitaare': Sonu Nigam's reinterpretation of this Mohammed Rafi classic is on point|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/fanney-khan-new-song-badan-pe-sitaare-sonu-nigams-reinterpretation-of-this-mohammed-rafi-classic-is-on-point/articleshow/65212835.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=en |date=31 July 2018 }} Their other hits songs from this period are - "Dooriyan Nazdikiyan Ban Gayi" and "Falsafa Pyar Ka Tum Kya Jano" (Duniya), "Kaun Hai Jo Sapnon Mein Aaya" and "Unse Mili Nazar Ke Mere Hosh Ud Gaye" (Jhuk Gaya Aasman), "Jhanak Jhanak Tori Baaje Payaliya" and "Gham Uthane Ke Liye Main To Jiye Jaunga" (Mere Huzoor), "Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Mein" and "Main Kahin Kavi Na Ban Jaoon" (Pyar Hi Pyar).{{Cite news|first=M.|last=Rahman|date=29 February 1988|title=Old Hindi movies make a dramatic comeback|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880229-old-hindi-movies-make-a-dramatic-comeback-796954-1988-02-29|access-date=2021-10-12|website=India Today|language=en}} For Brahmachari, Shankar-Jaikishan won their sixth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director as well as their first BFJA Best Music Director Award (Hindi).{{cite web |title=1969– 32nd Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1968 |publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196932.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218224447/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196932.htm |archive-date=18 February 2009}}

In 1970, their notable compositions, included Mera Naam Joker, Dharti, Pagla Kahin Ka and Pehchan. With the exception of Pehchan, none of them did well commercially, but their soundtracks received acclaim and for Pehchan and Mera Naam Joker, Shankar-Jaikishan received their seventh and eighth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, respectively. In 1971, they composed music for Ramesh Sippy's romantic drama Andaz, which had Shammi Kapoor, Hema Malini, Rajesh Khanna and Simi Garewal in the lead roles.{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=Vinay|last2=Nandy|first2=Ashis|title=Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195679180|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwa6CavnecC}} Upon release, Andaz emerged a superhit with its song, "Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana", a solo by Kishore Kumar topping the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1971.php|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1971 - Page 1 of 4|website=HindiGeetMala}} Andaz also proved to be one of the last films Shankar-Jaikishan worked on as Jaikishan died on 12 September 1971 due to Liver Cirrhosis. For the film, they won their second and last BFJA Best Music Director Award (Hindi).{{cite web |title=1972– 35th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1971 (scroll down to Hindi Section)|publisher=Bengal Film Journalists' Association |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527045803/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm |archive-date=27 May 2009}} Their other notable work that year was in Kal Aaj Aur Kal, which marked their final collaboration with R. K. Films. Two songs from the film "Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye", "Tik Tik Tik Tik Chalti Jaye Ghadi" remain popular till date.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVxqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title=Raga rock|first=Madan|last=Mohan|date=18 April 1968|publisher=Notion Press|via=Google Books}}{{Cite web |last=Ranjan Das Gupta |date=February 4, 2016 |title=Kal Aaj Aur Kal (1971) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kal-aaj-aur-kal-1971/article8194428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511212025/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kal-aaj-aur-kal-1971/article8194428.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021 |website=The Hindu |accessdate=August 28, 2018}}

After Jaikishan's untimely demise, Shankar continued to compose under the name Shankar-Jaikishan and after few failures eventually saw musical blockbusters in Manoj Kumar starrers Be-Imaan (1972) and Sanyasi (1975), soundtracks of both of which were among the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s with highly popular songs, "Jai Bolo Be-Imaan Ki" and "Patla Patla Reshmi Roomal" (Be-Imaan), "Chal Sanyasi Mandir Mein" and "Yeh Hai Geeta Ka Gyan" (Sanyasi).{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-05|publisher=Box Office India|date=5 February 2010}} Also for Be-Imaan, Shankar-Jaikishan received their final Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. However, this success was short-lived as rest of the films they delivered music for in the latter-half of the 1970s and 1980s, such as Dhoop Chhaon (1977), Duniyadari (1977), Atmaram (1979), Garam Khoon (1980) and Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai (1984), all sank without a trace.{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/remembering-shankar-one-half-of-the-legendary-shankar-jaikishan-duo|title=Remembering Shankar, one-half of the legendary Shankar-Jaikishan duo|date=26 April 2021}} The last film Shankar worked on was the 1986 mythological drama film Krishna-Krishna, which didn't performed well critically or commercially.{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/krishna_krishna_1986|title=Krishna-Krishna (1986)|website=Rotten Tomatoes }}

Shankar died on 26 April 1987. His death received little media coverage and his funeral was attended only by his family and some friends. The film industry was hardly present at his funeral, thus reinforcing the stereotype of its fickle-natured loyalties, when compared to Jaikishan's death in 1971, which drew the entire film industry. After Shankar died, the nearly 40 year old SJ banner came to an end, which was the end of what is widely regarded as the best music direction in Bollywood history.

Raj Kapoor later paid glowing tributes to Shankar in a televised interview. However, it was only after Raj Kapoor's own death in 1988 that the significance of his association with Shankar–Jaikishan was brought out in great detail.

File:Sj-chawk.jpg

Chandrakant Bhosle first noticed Shankar, as Shankar was popularly known among his friends, in Mumbai in 1945 when Shankarji arrived in Mumbai with ballet troupe of guru Krishnankutty and dancer Hemawati. Bhosle was a tabla player and had become closely associated with Shankar. He used to play rhythm in Shankar's orchestra from 1949 until Shankar's death. On the night of April 25, 1987, Shankar dropped Bhosle near Charni Road railway station where Bhosle stayed and drove off to his own residence at Churchgate. On 26 April Bhosle was, as usual, waiting for Shankar at around 10.00 a.m. to take him to the studio, but Shankar did not turn up so Bhosle went to the studio by taxi. All the musicians waited the whole day for Shankar in the studio but he did not turn up. The next day, Bhosle read the news of Shankar's death. Unfortunately, family members with whom Shankar was staying did not inform Bhosle, Raj Kapoor or anybody from the film fraternity about Shankar's death. It was Mr. Gokhale, who was once a cook in Shankarji's house, who later became Pujari in Gora Ram Mandir at Thakurdwar, Mumbai, who informed people that Shankarji was cremated hastily on the day of his death, without the knowledge of others.

File:Statue of Jaikishan of Shankar-Jaikishan.jpg

Shankar-Jaikishan's compositions broke new ground in Hindi film music. Apart from relying upon their knowledge of Indian classical music, they also employed western beats and orchestration. Shankar-Jaikishan were the pioneers in establishing the role of the orchestra in song compositions as a medium to express and enhance the meanings and feelings of songs rather than using it just as a `filler' as per the prevalent practice before their advent on the scene. They made use of the orchestra and musical instruments (often dozens or hundreds of them) in their songs which consisted of the following format: The song starts with a `prelude' (preparatory music to create and introduce the environment and mood for the beginning of the song), then the mukhda starts and is followed by 'interlude' containing music pieces on the orchestra. With very few exceptions ("Ye mera deewana pan hai" is a good example), they always used different interludes before each stanza. 'Multi-layered music studded with counter melodies' played by the orchestra accompanied while the 'mukhda' or the 'antara' of a song was being sung and finally came the `epilogue' – the music with which the song ended after the singer(s) had finished their singing.

Shankar-Jaikishan made a significant contribution in promoting Indian classical music throughout their career. It was their established practice to have at least one song in a movie based on semi-classical style. They also used the western classical-based waltz rhythm in a number of songs.

Shankar-Jaikishan gave a new style and meaning to the genre of sad songs by composing them on a fast tempo. Songs like "Zindagi Mein Hardam Rota Hi Raha" (Barsaat), "Tera Jana Dil Ke Armanon" (Anari), "Haye Tu Hi Gaya Mohe Bhool Re" (Kathputli), "Aye Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal" (Daag) and "Andhe Jahan Ke Andhe Raate" (Patita) demonstrated this. The last two songs, along with many others (notably "Awaara Hoon" from the film Awaara), also demonstrate the composers’ use of musical instruments – a harmonium is used to produce the effect of a piano accordion.

File:Raaga-JazzStyle-SJ.jpg

Shankar Jaikishan made a major contribution towards the development of jazz music in India and the new genre Indo jazz. Their 1968 album Raaga-Jazz style is the earliest Indo-jazz recording in India. In this album, considered to be one of the most innovative, SJ created 11 songs based on Indian Ragas with saxophone, trumpet, sitar (by Rais Khan), tabla, bass etc.{{Citation |last=Atkins |first=E. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Jazz planet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4tm8eG10r8C&q=shankar+jaikishan&pg=PA71 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781578066094 |id=1578066093 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408233340/https://books.google.com/books?id=t4tm8eG10r8C&q=shankar+jaikishan&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}

• 1968 – Shankar-Jaikishan were honoured with the Padmashri by the Government of India.{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |title=List of Padma Shri Awardees (1954 - 2006) (see Shankar-Jaikishan's award listed under 1968)|archive-date=30 June 2007|

archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630103448/https://www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |website= Government of India website|url-status=dead|access-date=27 September 2023}}

• 2013 – A postage stamp, bearing their faces, was released by India Post to honour them on 3 May 2013.{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/100-years-of-indian-cinema-a-philatelic-celebration-by-india-post/|title=100 years of Indian cinema: A philatelic celebration by India Post|date=6 May 2013}}

FILMFARE AWARDS STARTED DURING 1954 FOR BEST MUSIC DIRECTOR:

Shankar-Jaikishan were the Winners for the films listed below:{{cite magazine |title=List of Best Music Directors (1953 - 2001) |magazine=Filmfare magazine |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33780485 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418065511/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33780485|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2005 |access-date=27 September 2023}}

Winner

• 1968 – Best Music Director for the film Brahmachari
• 1971 – Best Music Director for the film Andaz

• Barsaat has been rated the best soundtrack ever by Planet Bollywood on their "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks".{{cite web |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever - Part 4 |url=https://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=Planet Bollywood |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003235336/https://planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |url-status=live }} Other soundtracks in the list, include Awaara, Sangam, Shree 420, Junglee, Chori Chori, Mera Naam Joker, Suraj, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, Anari.

In a signed article in Filmfare, Jaikishan identified unwittingly the song "Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padh Kar" (Sangam) as his composition. This led to a lot of bitterness between the two, as Shankar considered it a violation of the unwritten agreement between them. At about the same time, Shankar gave a break to singer Sharda and started promoting her as the new singing sensation in preference over Lata Mangeshkar. Jaikishan, however, stuck to Lata Mangeshkar for his compositions. In this period, Shankar and Jaikishan started taking individual contracts for films though every such film continued to show them together as the composers. Mohd. Rafi intervened and helped them settle their differences; however, it is conjectured that their relationship was not the same as earlier and this impacted the quality of their compositions which had started exhibiting a decline (which is clearly noticeable in the movies released during the last phases of Jaikishan's lifetime and those released just after his demise).

On the other hand, Jaikishan, Hasrat and Shankar all had denied, whenever quizzed on this topic, that there ever was any rift between them. In fact, according to Hasrat, the division of work was by mutual agreement to cope up with the heavy work load so that Shankar and Shailendra looked after one part of the work while Jaikishan and Hasrat on the other part but this division was not rigid; there was a lot of give and take between them even during this phase. Towards the end (just before Jaikishan's untimely demise), in several of their last movies, such as Jaane-Anjaane (1971), Andaz (1971) and Ankhon Ankhon Mein (1972), Shankar and Jaikishan were known to be working together. In retrospect, it appears that the so-called rift between Shankar and Jaikishan was blown out of proportion by the media and vested interests and was used later to downgrade Shankar in his post-Jaikishan years.

Since Shankar continued to support Sharda (post Sangam era) and even ghost-composed music for her film and non-film albums, it is said that Lata Mangeshkar became angry with him and discontinued singing for him. Whereas there may be some truth in this assertion, the other fact is that Lata Mangeshkar had stopped working with him after Sangam due to her anger against both Raj Kapoor and Shankar in making her sing "Budhha Mil Gaya" from Sangam which she was not keen as she did not feel comfortable with the lyrics of the song. Later on she sang in Sanyasi, Duniyadari and Atmaram. Nevertheless, she continued singing for Jaikishan even after Sangam and till the end.

Some of Shankar-Jaikishan's songs had tunes copied from foreign songs, such as "Kaun Hai Jo Sapnon Mein Aaya" from Jhuk Gaya Aasman (1968) was taken up from Elvis Presley's "Marguerita" from the film Fun in Acapulco.{{cite web |title=Elvis Presley and his influence on Shammi Kapoor |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://www.indianspice.co.za/2018/01/08/elvis-presley-and-his-influence-on-shammi-kapoor/ |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191426/https://www.indianspice.co.za/2018/01/08/elvis-presley-and-his-influence-on-shammi-kapoor/ |url-status=dead }} Other examples are - "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi" from Awaara (1951) which was copied from Ala Baladi El Mahboub by Umm Kulthum, "Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh" from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) is based on "My Lips Are Sealed" by Jim Reeves, "April Fool Banaya, To Unko Gussa Aaya" from April Fool (1964) had similarities to "Take Me Back To Cairo", sung by Karim Shukry and the song "Gumnaam Hai Koi" from Gumnaam (1965) is a copy of "Charade" by Henry Mancini.{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13|title=In photos: A tribute to the Nightingale of Bollywood Lata Mangeshkar|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/photos/entertainment/in-photos-a-tribute-to-the-nightingale-of-bollywood-lata-mangeshkar/photostory/72036206.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928131931/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/photos/entertainment/in-photos-a-tribute-to-the-nightingale-of-bollywood-lata-mangeshkar/photostory/72036206.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-bollywood/article/youve-heard-it-and-youve-heard-it-again|title=Inspired or blatantly copied? 10 Bollywood tunes we love|date=19 June 2014}}

{{Main|Shankar Jaikishan discography}}

• Dattaram Wadkar

{{Reflist}}

{{Notelist}}

• {{Cite book |editor-last=Slobin |editor-first=Mark |title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds Of Film Music |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8195-6882-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Padmanabh |year=2001 |title=Shanker-Jaikishan: Sadabahar Film Sangeetna |publisher=Yugsarjak}}

{{Commons category|Shankar Jaikishan}}

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• {{IMDb name|1129308}} Shankar
• {{IMDb name|1090097}} Jaikishan
• [http://www.sjmusic.org Shankar Jaikishan Biography, music database and blog]
• [https://shankarjaikishan.wordpress.com, Authentic information, features and collection of features]
• [https://shankarjaikishanphotos.wordpress.com Library of photos of Shankar-Jaikishan, Shailendra-Hasrat]

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Category:Indian jazz musicians

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