Sharpe James

James was born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1936. He has been a resident of Newark since 1940.

{{Citation |last=Starita |first=Joe |title=Newark still struggles |date=July 27, 1987 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-newark-still-struggle/132252647/ |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |accessdate=September 22, 2023}}

He graduated from South Side High School (since renamed as Malcolm X Shabazz High School), earned a B.A. in education from Montclair State University and a M.A. in physical education from Springfield College.Carter, Barry. [https://www.nj.com/essex/2016/05/newark_mayors_sharetheir_life_and_times_in_the_cit.html "Former Newark mayors share their life and times in the city"], NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 17, 2016. Accessed September 26, 2023. "James graduated from South Side High School, Montclair State University and earned his master's degree in physical education from Springfield College." He received the 1961 Department of Physiology Award from that school, and later completed postgraduate studies at Washington State University, Columbia University, and Rutgers University. He also served with the U.S. Army in Germany. In 1988, James was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Montclair State University, and, in 1991, an Honorary Doctorate from Drew University.[http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/Members/james.asp New Jersey State Senate: Sharpe James Entry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220074612/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/james.asp |date=2006-02-20 }}, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed July 10, 2007. Prior to politics, James worked as a teacher, athletic director and professor at Essex County College.

James was first elected to public office in 1970 as a South Ward Councilman. He was reelected to the council in 1974, defeating his sole opponent by a ten-to-one margin.{{Citation |last=Callum |first=Peter |title=1,000 cheer triumphant Mayor Gibson |date=May 15, 1974 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-1000-cheer-triumphant-m/132418855/ |newspaper=The Herald-News |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} He was elected to a third term in 1978, and in 1982 he became the first ward councilman elected to an at-large seat.{{Citation |last=Molotsky |first=Barbara |title=Gibson faces challenge for Newark mayoralty |date=January 31, 1986 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-register-gibson-faces-challeng/132697756/ |newspaper=The Daily Register |agency=Associated Press}} As a councilman, he chaired New Jersey's Black and Hispanic delegation.{{Citation |title=Anderson campaign seeks N.J. Democrats |date=August 15, 1980 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-anderso/132419790/ |newspaper=The Central New Jersey Home News |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} In 1977 he led an effort to halt landings of Concorde jets at Newark International Airport, claiming it would add to air and noise pollution in the area.{{Citation |last=Quackenbush |first=P. |title=South Warders want no part of Concorde |date=March 26, 1977 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-south-warders-want-no-pa/132419343/ |newspaper=The Herald-News |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} In 1983, after talk show host Phil Donahue made comments about Newark being "a place foreigners wouldn't want to visit", James demanded an apology. In response, Donahue sent James a letter apologizing for the remark.{{Citation |title=Donahue apologizes to Newark, N.J. |date=September 25, 1983 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/southern-illinoisan-donahue-apologizes-t/132697558/ |newspaper=Southern Illinoisan |accessdate=September 30, 2023}}

On January 30, 1986, James announced he would run for Mayor of Newark to challenge four-term incumbent Kenneth A. Gibson. James won the May 13 election and was sworn into office on July 1 of that year. He was the first Newark mayor to run unopposed when he sought re-election in 1990 and handily won re-election in 1994 and 1998. James became Newark's longest-serving mayor when he was re-elected for an unprecedented fifth term in 2002, a year after being named "Mayor of the Year" by the New Jersey Conference of Mayors. His 2002 reelection campaign, against then-Councilman Cory Booker, was documented in the 2005 feature film Street Fight. James faced scrutiny over a racist and homophobic statement involving a slur made to Booker during a public confrontation prior to election day, but still was victorious in the tense election.{{Cite web |last=Mnookin |first=Seth |date=2002-04-22 |title=The New Natural - Nymag |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/newyork/features/5921/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=New York Magazine |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Will |first=George |date=March 16, 2002 |title=Opinion {{!}} Newark's Nasty Race |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/03/17/newarks-nasty-race/1fffcf4f-fe82-4cb8-b6cd-7f77cbc122cc/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post}}

James became known in his early years as mayor for often wearing jogging suits in public and making high-profile efforts to attract development to Downtown Newark. In 1997, Newark saw the completion of the acclaimed New Jersey Performing Arts Center. James became known as an example of "machine politics". He had a reputation for questionable campaign tactics, including alleged use of the police force for his own purposes, intimidating supporters of his opponents and attacking his opponents' heritage.{{Citation |last=Wharton |first=Jonathan L. |title=The Mayors' Identity Politics and Their Political Shortcomings |date=2013 |work=A Post-Racial Change Is Gonna Come: Newark, Cory Booker, and the Transformation of Urban America |pages=63–95 |editor-last=Wharton |editor-first=Jonathan L. |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277725_4 |access-date=2024-06-23 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137277725_4 |isbn=978-1-137-27772-5}}

In 1987 and 1988, James served as the New Jersey chairman of Jesse Jackson's campaign for the 1988 Democratic Party presidential nomination.{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Michael J. |title=Jackson plans visit with sailors in gulf |date=October 30, 1987 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-jackson-plans-visit-with-sail/132254057/ |newspaper=The Record |accessdate=September 22, 2023}} In December 1992, James was a member of the New Jersey State Electoral College, one of 15 electors casting their votes for the Clinton/Gore ticket.[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/members_1992.html#n 1992 Electoral College Votes], National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed December 21, 2006.

In 1996, James's chief of staff, Jackie Mattison, was charged in federal court with receiving over $17,000 in bribes from an insurance broker from Millburn.[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-official-indicted-in-br/132283410/ Official indicted in bribe scam], The Courier-NewsGold, Jeffrey (February 6, 1996), [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-mayors-aide-pleads-not-guilt/132283186/ Mayor's aide pleads not guilty in bribery case], The Record He was later sentenced to 41 months in federal prison. He was released in 2000.{{cite web |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |title=#19139-050 (Inmate Locator) |publisher=Federal Bureau of Prisons |accessdate=September 23, 2023}}

In terms of housing, James' policy in the 1990s was to demolish Newark's massive, but mostly abandoned, housing projects, and replace them with small-scale public housing or market rate middle class residences. Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, James offered to assist nearby Jersey City in providing aid for New York City where the attacks occurred.{{Citation |last=Conte |first=Michaelangelo |title=Newark to help out Jersey City |date=September 15, 2001 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-jersey-journal-newark-to-help-out-je/132312346/ |newspaper=The Jersey Journal |accessdate=September 24, 2023}}

In 2006, James championed the relocation of the New Jersey Devils to the City of Newark. The Prudential Center is the newest arena in the Newark metropolitan area. On March 16, James filed for reelection as mayor, but announced eleven days later he would not seek a sixth term."Newark Mayor James Won't Seek Re-Election", San Francisco Chronicle, March 27, 2006, accessed April 21, 2007. "Mayor Sharpe James said Monday he will not seek a sixth term leading New Jersey's largest city, opening the door to a young rival who lost by fewer than 4,000 votes four years ago."

In June 1999, while serving as Mayor, James was appointed to the New Jersey Senate to fill out the unexpired term of the late Senator Wynona Lipman, and won election to that seat the following November. He was re-elected for a full term in November 2001 and continued to hold both offices. His Senate district encompassed part of Newark in Essex County and all of the Township of Hillside in Union County.

From 2002 to 2003, James served as Assistant Democratic leader of the senate, and from 2004 to 2005 he served as Assistant Senate Majority leader under Bernard Kenny.{{Citation |last=Sampson |first=Peter J. |title=Sharpe James charged with ripping off Newark |date=July 13, 2007 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-sharpe-james-charged-with-rip/132288291/ |newspaper=The Record |accessdate=September 23, 2023 |page=12}} He became vice chairman of the Senate budget committee in 2004, serving in that position under Senator Wayne R. Bryant, who was indicted in March 2007 for corruption charges.

{{Citation |last=Lorin |first=Janet Frankston |title=Ex-Newark mayor faces prison on 33 charges |date=July 13, 2007 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-ex-newark-mayor-faces-p/132253199/ |newspaper=The Courier-News |accessdate=September 22, 2023}} On April 9, 2007, James announced he would not seek re-election to his State Senate seat.Smothers, Ronald. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/nyregion/11james.html ' With Usual Flourish, Sharpe James Pulls Curtain on a Career and an Era in Newark"], The New York Times, April 11, 2007, accessed April 10, 2008.

In 2005, a New Jersey Open Public Records Act (OPRA) request was submitted asking that James hand over a City Hall-issued debit card he had received in 2002. The OPRA request showed that James had spent over $70,000 with the card for personal expenses over a two-year period.{{Citation |title=Ex-mayor spent $150,000 on city credit cards |date=August 21, 2006 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-ex-mayor-spent-150000/132641095/ |newspaper=The Courier-News |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 29, 2023}} In August 2006, an OPRA request further revealed that James had spent over $80,000 with a credit card provided by the Newark Police Department for several vacations, including a $6,500 vacation to Rio de Janeiro in June of that year. On August 21, the U.S. Attorney's Office, led by U.S. Attorney Chris Christie, issued subpoenas for debit and credit card records for further information.{{Citation |title=Sharpe James' charge receipts subpoenaed |date=August 22, 2006 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-sharpe-james-charge-receipts/132643318/ |newspaper=The Record |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 29, 2023}} In a response, James claimed no wrongdoing, and explained that, "as the last of the civil rights mayors in America, I had to travel and sell this city and the world about the Newark success story". In September, federal authorities began their own investigation into potential wrongdoing committed by James.{{Citation |title=Ex-mayor ran up big travel tab |date=September 26, 2006 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press-ex-mayor-ran-up-big-tr/132639816/ |newspaper=Asbury Park Press |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 29, 2023}}

In March 2007, federal investigators subpoenaed documents between James and Tamika Riley, his mistress and a former store operator, under accusations that James rigged the sale of city lots to Riley, who quickly resold them for hundreds of thousands of dollars in profit.{{Citation |title=Former Newark mayor is target of subpoena |date=March 30, 2007 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-former-newark-mayor-is-t/132644928/ |newspaper=The Herald-News |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 29, 2023}} The U.S. Attorney's office launched a separate investigation into these allegations later in June.{{Citation |last=Lorin |first=Janet Frankston |title=James denies responsibility in Newark land deals |date=June 28, 2007 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-james-denies-responsibility/132633031/ |newspaper=Daily Record |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 20, 2023}}

On July 12, James was indicted by a federal grand jury on 33 federal charges, namely mail fraud and conspiracy. In a press conference regarding the indictment, Christie alleged that James rigged the sale of nine city lots to Riley in a "cut-rate scheme" between 2001 and 2005.{{Citation |title=Ex-mayor's trial to jury |date=April 10, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press-ex-mayors-trial-to-ju/132478254/ |newspaper=Asbury Park Press |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 26, 2023}} Later, he further alleged that James had also misused city-issued credit cards for himself and eight women during out-of-state vacations between 2001 and 2006. At his arraignment, James pleaded not guilty.{{Citation |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |title=Ex-Newark Mayor Pleads Not Guilty to Corruption |date=July 24, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/nyregion/24james.html |work=The New York Times}}

On February 26, 2008, James' trial was opened.{{Citation |last=Lorin |first=Janet Frankston |title=Sharpe James goes on trial |date=February 25, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-sharpe-james-goes-on-tri/132479038/ |newspaper=The Herald-News |accessdate=September 26, 2023}} His lawyers maintained that James had not violated federal law.{{Citation |last=Gold |first=Jeffrey |title=Lawyer: No evidence James broke law |date=April 9, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-lawyer-no-evidence-james-bro/132692386/ |newspaper=The Record |accessdate=September 26, 2023}} In the first week, prosecutors presented a video tape of James testifying about Senate Bill 967, which was legislation he sponsored in 2004 to amend the Faulkner Act, with them alleging that James urged the passage of the bill so he could increase his power and illegally benefit himself. The defense counter-argued that James was acting properly in his capacity as a senator and should have enjoyed immunity.{{Citation |title=Lawyers try to block tape of Newark's ex-mayor |date=February 29, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-of-atlantic-city-lawyers-try-to-bl/132689033/ |newspaper=Atlantic City Press |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=September 30, 2023}}

On March 5, prosecutors presented more than a dozen memos from James regarding the land deals, which revealed that he had been monitoring whether city developers he was acquainted with were getting a chance to buy the lots.{{Citation |last=Gold |first=Jeffrey |title=Jury sees James' memos on land deals |date=March 6, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-record-jury-sees-james-memos-on-lan/132690119/ |newspaper=The Record |accessdate=September 30, 2023}} To prove this, prosecutors called up James' longtime secretary Rose Marie Posella, who testified that James met routinely with developers in his Newark City Hall office. She also testified that Tamika Riley had privileged access to James and that City Hall officials were aware they were having an affair. On April 1, the defense called up former councilwoman Gayle Chaneyfield Jenkins, who testified that the city council set a uniform price for city-owned land for redevelopers and that James had not been involved in the process.{{Citation |title=Defense starts its case in ex-mayor James' trial |date=April 2, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-of-atlantic-city-defense-starts-it/132691901/ |newspaper=Atlantic City Press |accessdate=September 30, 2023}}

File:WJMartini.jpg Judge Bill Martini sentenced James to 27 months in prison despite prosecutors originally recommending a 15-to-20-year sentence.]]

The jury began deliberations on April 8 and on April 16 they found James guilty on all counts. On May 12, the U.S. Attorney's office announced that the remaining charges against James for his misuse of city-issued credits cards had been dropped, thus sparing him of a second trial.{{Citation |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |title=Ex-Mayor Of Newark Is Spared A 2nd Trial |date=May 13, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/nyregion/13james.html |work=The New York Times}} On July 23, Judge Bill Martini upheld the convictions,{{Citation |last=Gold |first=Jeffrey |title=Sharpe James' conviction upheld |date=July 24, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-sharpe-james-conviction/132421643/ |newspaper=The Herald-News |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} and on July 29, James was sentenced to 27 months in prison and was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine.{{Citation |last=Baldwin |first=Tom |title=27-month sentence for Newark ex-mayor |date=July 30, 2008 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-27-month-sentence-for-newar/132422279/ |newspaper=Daily Record |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} Originally, prosecutors urged for a 15-to-20 year sentence for James, but Martini argued that James' years as a public servant played a role in the more lenient sentence.Baldwin, Tom (July 30, 2008). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-us-to/154928334/ U.S. TO APPEAL EX-NEWARK MAYOR'S TERM]. The Central New Jersey Home News. Retrieved September 8, 2024. Tamika Riley was also found guilty on those five counts and eight others, including tax evasion.{{cite web|author=Laura Craven |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/04/newark_ex_mayor_sharpe_james_convicted.html |title=Newark ex-mayor Sharpe James is convicted of fraud |work=NJ.com |date=16 April 2008 |accessdate=2012-05-22}} In September 2008, the Federal Bureau of Prisons denied James' request to serve his sentence at a federal prison in Fort Dix{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-press-ex-newark-mayor-now-a-federal/132540528/ |title=Ex-Newark mayor now a federal prison inmate |work=News-Press |date=September 17, 2008 |accessdate=September 27, 2023}} and instead reported him to FCI Petersburg in Virginia.{{cite web|author=Matt Rainey/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/sharpe_james_to_be_behind_bars.html |title=Former Newark Mayor Sharpe James reports to prison on Monday |date=12 September 2008 |publisher=NJ.com |accessdate=2012-05-22}}

In June 2009, James' attorney Alan Bowman attempted to convince an appellate court to expunge the convictions, although his efforts failed.Whelan, Jeff S. (August 19, 2008). [https://www.nj.com/news/2008/08/exnewark_mayor_sharpe_james_pi.html ex-Mayor Sharpe James hires new attorney]. NJ.com.Ryan, Joe (June 21, 2009). [https://www.nj.com/news/2009/06/sharpe_james_lawyer_asks_appea.html Sharpe James' lawyer asks appeals panel to throw out conviction]. NJ.com. On April 6, 2010, James was granted early release after 18 months served. As per a court order, he was banned from running for elected office for the remainder of his career.{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier-post-ex-newark-mayor-leaves-pris/132422946/ |title=Ex-Newark mayor leaves prison |date=April 7, 2010 |publisher=Courier-Post}} Seven days after his release, James filed an appeal to reverse his convictions.{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-james-a/132423936/ |title=James appeals pair's conviction |date=April 14, 2010 |publisher=The Central New Jersey Home News |accessdate=September 25, 2023}} In September 2010, one of his convictions was overturned, but the four remaining convictions were left unchanged.{{cite news |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2010/09/16/court-reverses-former-newark-mayors-conviction/ |title=Court Reverses Sharpe James' Conviction |work=WCBS-TV |agency=Associated Press |date=2010-09-16 |accessdate=2020-06-11 }} He further appealed seeking to overturn the convictions due to a juror being dishonest; this appeal was dismissed in February 2013.{{cite web|author=Jason Grant |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2013/02/former_newark_mayor_sharpe_jam_10.html |title=Former Newark Mayor Sharpe James loses appeal seeking new trial |work=The Star-Ledger |date=13 February 2013 |via=NJ.com |accessdate=2020-06-11}}

In 2011, the New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission filed a lawsuit against James alleging that he and his campaign treasurer, Cheryl Johnson, improperly used about $94,000 in campaign funds to pay for legal fees.{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-sharpe-james-sued-over-c/132474411/ |title=Sharpe James sued over campaign funds |work=The Herald-News |date=May 28, 2011 |accessdate=September 26, 2023}} On August 17, 2012, the New Jersey Superior Court ruled in favor of the commission and ordered that both James and Johnson had to pay the money back.{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-judge-says-newark-ex-may/132477031/ |title=Judge says Newark ex-mayor tapped campaign account for legal defense |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=Giambusso |first2=David |work=The Herald-News |date=August 23, 2012}} In January 2015, a state appeals court struck down an appeal by James and upheld the higher court's ruling.{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-ruling-on-mayors-legal/132425719/ |title=Ruling on mayor's legal fees upheld |work=The Herald-News |date=January 17, 2015 |accessdate=September 25, 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/courier-post-appeal-by-ex-mayor-of-newar/132289044/ |title=Appeal by ex-mayor of Newark rejected |work=Courier-Post |date=January 17, 2015 |accessdate=September 23, 2023}}

In 2013, James published a 17-chapter book titled Political Prisoner, which he had written in prison. That same year, he advised the election campaign of his son John Sharpe James, who won a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark.{{cite news | last = Napoliello | first = Alex | title = Sharpe James helping to run his son's Newark city council campaign | newspaper = The Star-Ledger | date = October 9, 2013 | url = http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/10/sharpe_james_to_help_run_his_sons_campaign.html | accessdate = 2013-11-26 }}{{cite news | last = Haddon | first = Heather | title = Newark's Book of James A Former Mayor Returns From Prison With a Memoir—and Some Endorsements | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | date = October 8, 2013 | url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303442004579123600258849152 | accessdate = 2013-11-26 }} That same year James endorsed Cory Booker, a former foe he had defeated in the 2002 Newark mayoral race, in the special election for U.S. Senator to replace the late Frank Lautenberg.{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2013/10/sharpe_james_serious_about_booker_endorsement.html|title=Former Newark Mayor Sharpe James serious about endorsement of Cory Booker for Senate|work=NJ.com|date=3 October 2013 |accessdate=7 May 2016}}

In 2022, James attempted to run for office as an at-large candidate for Newark City Council despite a court order banning him from running a public elected office. His certification was denied by Newark City Clerk Kenneth Louis on March 3, 2022. James attempted to sue after his candidacy was rejected, arguing that while he was prohibited from holding public office, running as a candidate was not prohibited. A judge dismissed his suit and James declined to appeal the dismissal.{{cite news |last1=Strunsky |first1=Steve |title=Judge rules convicted former Newark mayor can’t run for city council |url=https://www.nj.com/politics/2022/03/judge-rules-convicted-former-newark-mayor-cant-run-for-city-council.html |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=NJ.com}}

• 2002 Newark mayoral election
• List of mayors of Newark, New Jersey

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