Shaxian dialect
{{Short description|Central Min Chinese dialect of Fujian, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Shaxian dialect
|nativename={{lang|czo|沙縣事}}
|pronunciation={{IPA|[sa˦˦ sɪ̃˦˦ sai˨˦]}}
|states=Southern China
|region=Sha County, Sanming, Fujian
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Sinitic
|fam3=Chinese
|fam4=Min
|fam5=Inland Min
|fam6=Central Min
| ancestor = Proto-Sino-Tibetan
| ancestor2 = Old Chinese{{efn|name=minClassification|Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.{{citation |last=Mei |first=Tsu-lin |author1-link=Mei Tsu-lin |title=Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=30 |year=1970 |pages=86–110 |doi=10.2307/2718766 |jstor=2718766}}{{citation |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin G. |author-link=Edwin G. Pulleyblank |title=Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology |year=1984 |page=3 |location=Vancouver |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8}}{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Min |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Glottolog |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |url-status=live |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}}}
| ancestor3 = Proto-Min
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|lingua=79-AAA-hba
|notice=IPA
}}
Shaxian dialect (Central Min: 沙縣事, Mandarin Chinese: 沙縣話) is a dialect of Central Min Chinese spoken in Sha County, Sanming in Western Fujian Province of China.
Phonology
Shaxian dialect has 17 initials, 36 rimes and 6 tones.
=Initials=
| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| !!colspan=2|Bilabial | colspan=2|Alveolar | colspan=2|Postalveolar | colspan=2|Velar | |||
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiced |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan=2|Nasal
| ||({{IPA link|m}}) | ||({{IPA link|ŋ}}) | ||||||
| rowspan=2|Stop||Tenuis
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|k}} | ||||||
| Aspirated
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} ||{{IPA link|tʰ}} |{{IPA link|kʰ}} | ||||||
| rowspan=2|Affricate | Tenuis
| || ||{{IPA link|ʦ}} |{{IPA link|ʧ}} | |||||
| Aspirated
| || ||ʦʰ | ||||||
| colspan=2|Fricative
| || ||{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|x}} | ||||||
| colspan=2|Lateral
| || || || {{IPA link|l}} ||| | ||||||
| colspan=2|Zero consonant
|colspan=8| zero consonant |
Notes:
- {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, {{IPAslink|tʃʰ}}, {{IPAslink|ʃ}} only connected with round mouth rimes ({{lang|zh|撮口呼韻母}});
- {{IPAslink|b}}, {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|g}} cannot be connected with nasal vowel rimes;
- {{IPAslink|m}}, {{IPAslink|n}}, {{IPAslink|ŋ}} only connected with nasal vowel rimes.
=Rimes=
| class="wikitable" style="width: 50%; height: 100%" | |
| {{IPAlink|ɯ}} / {{IPAlink|ɤ}} 資 / 子 | {{IPAlink|i}} / {{IPAlink|e}} 西 / 死 |
| {{IPAlink|u}} / {{IPAlink|o}} 故 / 古 | {{IPAlink|y}} / {{IPAlink|ø}} 居 / 舉 |
| {{IPA|iu}} / {{IPA|io}} 抽 / 丑 | {{IPA|ui}} / {{IPA|ue}} 追 / 嘴 |
| {{IPA|yɯ}} / {{IPA|yɤ}} 威 / 偉 | {{IPAlink|o}} / {{IPAlink|ɔ}} 波 / 保 |
| {{IPA|io}} / {{IPA|iɔ}} 腰 / 約 | {{IPAlink|e}} / {{IPAlink|ɛ}} 排/八 |
| {{IPA|ye}} / {{IPA|yɛ}} 吹 / 血 | {{IPAlink|a}} 家 |
| {{IPA|ia}} 遮 | {{IPA|ua}} 瓜 |
| {{IPA|ya}} 蟻 | {{IPA|ai}} 猜 |
| {{IPA|uai}} 乖 | {{IPA|au}} 交 |
| {{IPA|iau}} 曉 | {{IPA|ŋ̍}} 光 |
| {{IPA|aŋ}} 講 | {{IPA|uaŋ}} 望 |
| {{IPA|ɛiŋ}} 心 | {{IPA|iɛiŋ}} 英 |
| {{IPA|yɛiŋ}} 永 | {{IPA|ɔuŋ}} 風 |
| {{IPA|œyŋ}} 鍾 | {{IPA|iŋ}} 廠 |
| {{IPA|ĩ}} / {{IPA|ẽ}} 仙 / 險 | {{IPA|uĩ}} / {{IPA|uẽ}} 翻/粉 |
| {{IPA|yĩ}} / {{IPA|yẽ}} 根 / 卷 | {{IPA|ɔ̃}} 爭 |
| {{IPA|iɔ̃}} 驚 | {{IPA|ɔ̃i}} 燈 |
Some rimes come in pairs in the above table, and they are closely related with the tones: the one to the left only exist in dark level ({{lang|zh|陰平}}), light level ({{lang|zh|陽平}}), light rising ({{lang|zh|陽上}}) and departing ({{lang|zh|去聲}}); while the other only exist in dark rising ({{lang|zh|陰上}}) and entering ({{lang|zh|入聲}}). It can be compared with close and open rimes of Fuzhou dialect, Eastern Min.
=Tones=
| class="wikitable"
!No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Tone name
| dark level | light level | dark rising | light rising | departing | entering |
|---|
| Tone contour
| {{IPA|˧}} 33 | {{IPA|˧˩}} 31 | {{IPA|˨˩˨}} 21 | {{IPA|˥˧}} 53 | {{IPA|˨˦}} 24 | {{IPA|˨˩˨}} 212 |
| Example Hanzi
| 詩 | 南 | 始 | 是 | 四 | 失 |
The entering tones in Sanming dialect don't have any entering tone coda ({{lang|zh|入聲韻尾}}) such as {{IPA|/-ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/-p̚/}}, {{IPA|/-t̚/}} and {{IPA|/-k̚/}}. It's quite different from many other Chinese dialects.
=Tone sandhi=
Shaxian dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| class=wikitable |
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|
| bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark level | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light level | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|dark rising | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|light rising | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|departing | bgcolor="#BBFFFF"|entering |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark level 33 |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |44 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light level 31 |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |33 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|dark rising 21 |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |55 |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|light rising 53 |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |dark rising (21) |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|departing 24 |colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |dark rising (21) |colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |44 |dark rising (21) |
| bgcolor="#FFBBFF"|entering 212 |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |4 |
Some rimes may change their pronunciation because they are closely related with the tones (see above).
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
- {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Sha County 沙县地方志编纂委员会|title=Sha xian zhi 沙县志 ["Chorography of Sha County"]|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=082E3DF5CF05448081890CC07CDED29D|volume=32|publisher=Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]|location=Beijing|year=1992|isbn=7-110-02307-9}}
{{Min Chinese}}