Shenyang J-11#Variants

Based on experience from the Vietnam War, the PLAAF issued a requirement in 1969 for a STOL light fighter to replace the Shenyang J-6 and Nanchang Q-5. The proposal from the Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute and Shenyang Aircraft Factory was designated "J-11"; it resembled a French Dassault Mirage F1 and was powered by a British Rolls-Royce Spey 512 engine. The project was abandoned as no suitable engine could be procured, and the competing Nanchang J-12 was far more advanced.{{sfn|Gordon|Komissarov|2008|p=92}}

{{main|Sukhoi Su-27#China}}

China was the Su-27's first export customer.{{sfn|Gordon|Komissarov|2008|p=104}} China turned to the Soviet Union for weapons following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and the resulting Western arms embargo. China selected the Su-27 over the Mikoyan MiG-29. Three orders were made in the 1990s, and the deliveries of 36 Su-27SKs and 42 Su-27UBKs started in 1992 and continued into the 2000s.{{cite web |last1=Rupprecht |first1=Andreas |title=The Chinese "Flanker" Story |url=https://www.key.aero/article/chinese-flanker-story |website=Key Aero |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=31 December 2023}}

In 1996, China and Rosoboronexport entered a US$1.2 billion agreement{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=35}} permitting SAC to produce 200 Su-27UBKs under license. Production would start using kits manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAPPO). Subsystems (avionics, radars and engines) would be imported from Russia and not be produced under license. Furthermore, the agreement prohibited China from exporting its production. Production began in 1997. The first two were completed in December 1998 but were poorly assembled and required Russian assistance to rebuild. Five were built by 2000, and another 20 by 2003, by which time production was of high quality and incorporated local airframe parts; Russia did not object to local airframe parts, which allowed KnAPPO to reduce the contents of the kits supplied.{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=36}} Russia resisted China's demands for upgraded avionics, eventually upgrading the obsolescent N001 pulse-Doppler radar with the improved N001V. Production of the J-11A, an "indigenous" variant, began in 2000. By 2006, at least 105 J-11 and J-11As had been produced with improved domestic avionics.

Co-production reportedly ended in 2004 with the development of the J-11B "Flaming Dragon"{{cite web |title=J-11B fighter |url=http://en.people.cn/90002/98666/98775/6803174.html |website=People's Daily Online |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054146/http://en.people.cn/90002/98666/98775/6803174.html |archive-date=10 March 2016}}—a variant with domestic subsystems, which was in violation of the co-production agreement.{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=46}} However, through 2009 China continued to hold licenses to produce Russian aircraft and components, which included previously confidential provisions concerning intellectual property. The original licence did not officially include carrier-capable aircraft (e.g. Sukhoi Su-33) or variants (e.g. Shenyang J-15).{{cite journal |last=Rupprecht |first=Andreas |title=China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update |journal=Combat Aircraft Monthly |date=December 2011 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=40–42}}

By 2015, J-11s were upgraded with Chinese-made missile approach warning systems (MAWS). Unconfirmed upgrades included improved cockpit displays, and fire control systems for R-77 or PL-10 missiles.{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. jr. |url=http://www.janes.com/article/49903/images-suggest-upgrades-to-china-s-early-series-j-11s |title=Images suggest upgrades to China's early series J-11s |date=11 March 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095700/http://www.janes.com/article/49903/images-suggest-upgrades-to-china-s-early-series-j-11s |archive-date=2015-12-22 |url-status=dead}}

The J-11B is a multirole variant of the J-11 incorporating Chinese subsystems. It was conceived as a way to remove the J-11's dependency on Russia. SAC unveiled a J-11B mockup in mid-2002. Three prototypes were delivered to the PLAAF for testing in 2006. The two-seater J-11BS followed two years after the J-11B. By 2011, reportedly 90% of the J-11B was based on subsystems and parts designed in China, with the engine presumably being a major part of the remainder.{{harvnb|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.|p=37}} Many domestic subsystems are improvements of those found on the Su-27SK.

Chinese subsystems on the J-11B include Type 1493 radar, 3-axis data system, power supply system, emergency power unit, brake system, hydraulic system, fuel system, environment control system, molecular sieve oxygen generation systems, digital flight control system, and glass cockpit. The airframe is slightly lighter due to greater use of composites.{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100510_2_n.shtml |title=Chinese naval J-11s spotted in the open |last1=Parsons |first1=Ted |date=10 May 2010 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512233148/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100510_2_n.shtml |archive-date=12 May 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

The J-11B may carry the PL-12 and PL-8B air-to-air missiles. The J-11BG upgrade is capable of PL-15 and PL-10 missiles as well.{{Cite web |url=https://mil.sina.cn/sd/2019-03-27/detail-ihsxncvh5928361.d.html?from=wap |title=我军歼11B首曝挂载Pl15导弹 或换装有源相控阵雷达 |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205412/https://mil.sina.cn/sd/2019-03-27/detail-ihsxncvh5928361.d.html?from=wap |archive-date=2019-03-30 |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|reason=WP:SELFPUB|date=November 2020}}

By 2004, the J-11 was being tested with the Shenyang WS-10.{{cite web |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp |title=Report on the 5th Airshow China: Zhuhai, PRC, November 1-7, 2004 |last=Fisher|first=Richard Jr. |date=13 December 2004|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426144435/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=2005-04-26}} Testing may have started as early as 2002; an image from the 2002 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition allegedly depicted a J-11 with one engine replaced with a WS-10.{{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm |title=New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS) |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=7 October 2003 |publisher=United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112134811/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm |archive-date=12 January 2005 |access-date=25 May 2015}} WS-10 development proved difficult. One regiment converted to WS-10-powered J-11Bs in 2007, but was grounded for an extended period due to poor operational reliability.{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122402788_2.html | title= Military strength eludes China, which looks overseas for arms | first= John | last= Pomfret | newspaper= Washington Post | date= 25 December 2010 | access-date= 3 September 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075350/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122402788_2.html | archive-date= 31 December 2016 | url-status= live | df= dmy-all }} The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the J-11B Block 02 aircraft,{{cite magazine|last=Rupprecht|first=Andreas|title=China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update.|magazine=Combat Aircraft Monthly|date=December 2011|volume=12|issue=12|pages=40–42}} and Jane's reported the J-11B as powered by the WS-10 in 2014.{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod |title=Chinese J-11BH 'aggressive' with USN P-8A, says DoD |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=26 August 2014 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123724/http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod|archive-date=2014-08-27}}

PLAAF J-11Bs participated in Shaheen 1, a joint Sino-Pakistani exercise, in March 2011. This was the first time the PLAAF conducted "operational" aerial maneuvers in Pakistan with the PAF.{{cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/shaheen-1-exercise-signals-expansion-of-china-pakistan-alliance/ |title="Shaheen 1" Exercise Signals Expansion of China-Pakistan Alliance|last=Zambelis|first=Chris|date=May 20, 2011|work=China Brief Volume: 11 Issue: 9|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027110309/https://jamestown.org/program/shaheen-1-exercise-signals-expansion-of-china-pakistan-alliance/ |archive-date=27 October 2018 |url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

File:Chinese Shenyang J-11 from below in August 2014.JPG and two PL-12 missiles as seen from a P-8.]]

On 19 August 2014 a J-11B intercepted a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft that was over the South China Sea.{{cite news|last1=Capaccio and Greiling Keane|first1=Tony and Angela|title=Chinese Jet Barrel-Rolls Over U.S. Plane Bringing Protest|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-22/chinese-jet-barrel-rolls-over-u-s-plane-bringing-protest|agency=Bloomberg L.P.|date=August 22, 2014|access-date=March 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103102529/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-22/chinese-jet-barrel-rolls-over-u-s-plane-bringing-protest|archive-date=January 3, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}

The U.S. Department of Defense released details at a press conference on 22 August 2014 with Admiral John Kirby as spokesperson. According to Kirby, the incident occurred {{convert|135|mi|km}} east of Hainan Island, in international airspace. The Chinese jet "crossed under the aircraft with one pass having only 50–100 feet [{{cvt|50|-|100|ft|m|disp=out}}] separation. The Chinese jet also passed the nose of the P-8 at 90 degrees with its belly toward the P-8 Poseidon, believed to be displaying its weapons load-out. Afterwards, the J-11 flew directly under and alongside the P-8, bringing their wingtips, as I said, to within 20 feet [{{cvt|20|ft|m|disp=out|0}}]. And then conducted a roll over the P-8, passing within 45 feet [{{cvt|45|ft|m|disp=out}}]." He said the "unprofessional" and "unsafe" actions of the Chinese pilot was "not keeping with the kind of military-to-military relationship" the U.S. sought to establish with China. An official complaint was sent to China through regular diplomatic channels.{{cite news|last1=Keck|first1=Zachary|title=China's 'Dangerous Intercept' of US Spy Plane|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinas-dangerous-intercept-of-us-spy-plane/|publisher=The Diplomat|date=August 23, 2014|access-date=October 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121102328/https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinas-dangerous-intercept-of-us-spy-plane/|archive-date=November 21, 2014|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/606919/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-admiral-kirby-in-the-pentagon-briefing/|title=Defense.gov Transcript: Department of Defense Press Briefing by Admiral Kirby in the Pentagon Briefing Room|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030132641/http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=5493|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The Pentagon commented further that: "Military activities may be conducted within the Exclusive Economic Zone of another nation as an exercise of the freedoms of navigation and overflight."

In response, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesman Yang Yujun said that the U.S. criticisms were "totally groundless" as the Chinese pilot professionally maintained a safe distance. Furthermore, he blamed the "massive and frequent close-in surveillance" by the U.S. as the root cause, and called for the end of surveillance flights to improve bilateral military ties.{{cite web|title=China urges U.S. to stop close-in surveillance|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-08/23/c_133578974.htm|publisher=Xinhua|access-date=8 March 2015|date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823154936/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-08/23/c_133578974.htm|archive-date=23 August 2014}}

• J-11: License-produced Su-27UBKs from Russian-provided kits.
• J-11A: J-11s produced with greater domestic content and improved avionics and cockpit displays. Some older J-11s and J-11As were upgraded to similar standard.
• J-11A MLU: J-11 mid-life upgrade program for the J-11A matching up to the J-11B standard, and includes improved avionics, such as missile approach warning system (MAWS), full glass cockpit, and new radar systems.{{cite web|url=https://mil.sina.cn/zgjq/2015-01-16/detail-iawzunex9066045.d.html |title=国产歼11A航电升级型亮相 装备空军王牌部队(图)

|website=Sina News |date=16 January 2015 |language=Chinese }}

• {{Anchor|J-11B}}J-11B (Flanker-L{{Cite book |author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2023|date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |chapter=6 Asia |isbn=9781003400226 |doi=10.4324/9781003400226 |s2cid=256916955 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/China_Equipment.pdf?ver=2015-12-10-103822-400 |title=Chinese Equipment Guide |website=US Navy Intelligence Office}}): Chinese-developed variant with domestic subsystems including Type 1493 radar and an added internal ECM system. Block 02 was powered by Shenyang WS-10 turbofan.
• J-11BS (Flanker-L): A twin-seat version of the J-11B. In 2012, the number of J-11B and J-11BS in service was over 120.{{cite web|url= http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_03_19_2012_p61-431709.xml|title= China Modernizes Air Force On Dual Tracks|author= Richard D. Fisher Jr. |date= 2012-03-19|access-date= 2012-07-10|work= Aviation Week & Space Technology|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512225816/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_03_19_2012_p61-431709.xml|archive-date= 2013-05-12|url-status=dead}}
• J-11BH: Naval version of the J-11B.{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |url=http://www.janes.com/article/55696/plan-holds-snap-drills-in-south-china-sea |title=PLAN holds snap drills in South China Sea |date=2 November 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121525/http://www.janes.com/article/55696/plan-holds-snap-drills-in-south-china-sea |archive-date=2015-12-22 |url-status=dead}} It was first sighted in May 2010.{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2016/07/18/analysis-can-china-enforce-south-china-sea-air-defense-identification-zone|title=Can China Enforce a South China Sea ADIZ?|date=18 July 2016|website=usni.org|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422095902/https://news.usni.org/2016/07/18/analysis-can-china-enforce-south-china-sea-air-defense-identification-zone|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
• J-11BSH: Naval version of the J-11BS.
• J-11BG: Image first shown in September 2019 of an upgraded variant with light-grey radome.{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/j-11b-images-fuel-speculation-about-aesa-radar-upgrade|title=J-11B images fuel speculation about AESA radar upgrade|website=Janes.com}} Further information confirmed the existence of the J-11BG upgrade including AESA radar, avonics upgrade, helmet-mounted sight, and the capability to launch PL-10 and PL-15 missiles.{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/j-11bg.htm |title=J-11BG |website=globalsecurity }}
• J-11BGH: Upgrade of J-11BH, the naval version of the J-11BG.
• J-11D: Variant possibly equipped with fixed electronically scanned array radar, IRST, and capability to fire heavier imaging/infrared (IIR) air-to-air missiles. The airframe makes greater use of composite materials, especially in the engine intakes, for lower radar observability. The wings have three hardpoints each. Unconfirmed reports claim it has a new fly-by-wire control system, glass cockpit, improved EW systems, and an improved version of the WS-10A engine,{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D. Jr. |url=http://www.janes.com/article/51160/images-show-j-11d-variant-with-possible-new-radar |title=Images show J-11D variant with possible new radar |date=5 May 2015 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220213722/http://www.janes.com/article/51160/images-show-j-11d-variant-with-possible-new-radar |archive-date=20 December 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} called WS-10B. Three prototypes were built between 2015 and 2016 with test flight conducted during the same period. The project was reportedly abandoned in favor of J-11BG upgrades for PLAAF and J-15B upgrades for PLANAF.{{cite web|url=https://www.aerosociety.com/news/red-dragon-flankers/ |title=Red Dragon Flankers |website=Royal Aeronautical Society |date=20 October 2023 |first=Andreas |last=Rupprecht }}

;{{PRC}}

• People's Liberation Army Air Force: 100 J-11A, 180 J-11B and 90 J-11BS ({{As of|2018||lc=on}}){{cite book |last1=Rupprecht |first1=Andreas |title=Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Air Force - Aircraft and Units |date=29 October 2018 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |isbn=978-09973092-6-3 |page=46}}
• 1st Fighter Brigade{{Dubious|date=October 2024|reason=1st fighter brigade only operates J-20 according it it's article}} - Anshan Air Base
• 6th Fighter Division
• 7th Fighter Division - Zhangjiakou Air Base
• People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force: 40 J-11BH and 32 J-11BSH ({{As of|2018||lc=on}}){{cite book |last1=Rupprecht |first1=Andreas |title=Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Naval Aviation - Aircraft and Units |year=2018 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |isbn=978-09973092-5-6 |page=21}}
• Naval Aeronautics University Regiment
• 22nd Air Regiment
• 24th Air Regiment
• 25th Air Regiment

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=[http://www.knaapo.ru/eng/about/knaapo_aircraft/su-27sk.wbp Sukhoi Su-27SK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920044646/http://www.knaapo.ru/eng/about/knaapo_aircraft/su-27sk.wbp |date=2013-09-20 }}. KNAAPO.{{cite web|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/|title=Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-27SК – Aircraft performance|publisher=Sukhoi.org|access-date=2011-05-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144832/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/|archive-date=2011-07-16}}

|prime units?=met

|crew=1

|length m=21.9

|length note=

|span m=14.7

|span note=

|height m=5.92

|height note=

|wing area sqm=52.84

|wing area note=

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=

|empty weight kg=16380

|empty weight note={{cite web|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/su27specifications.asp|title=Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker Specifications|publisher=Sinodefence.com|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113123217/http://sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/su27specifications.asp|archive-date=2010-01-13|url-status=dead}}

|gross weight kg=23926

|gross weight note=

|max takeoff weight kg=33000

|max takeoff weight note=

|fuel capacity={{cvt|9400|kg}} internal fuel{{cite web|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/|title=Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-27SÊ – Aircraft performance|access-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144832/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/|archive-date=16 July 2011}}

|more general=

|eng1 number =2

|eng1 name=Shenyang WS-10A "Taihang"

|eng1 type=afterburning turbofans

|eng1 kn=132

|eng1 note=(J-11B Block 02)

|max speed kmh=

|max speed note=

|max speed mach=2.35 (2,500 km/h, 1,553 mph) at altitude

|cruise speed kmh=

|cruise speed note=

|stall speed kmh=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed kmh=

|never exceed speed note=

|minimum control speed kmh=

|minimum control speed note=

|range km=3530

|range note=

|combat range km=1500

|combat range note=~{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/j-11.htm|title=Chinese Aircraft - J-11 [Su-27 FLANKER]|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106060857/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/j-11.htm|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

|ferry range km=

|ferry range note=

|endurance=

|ceiling m=19000

|ceiling note=

|g limits=+9

|roll rate=

|climb rate ms=300

|climb rate note={{cite web |url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/su27.htm |title=Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker |publisher=Fighter-planes.com |access-date=2011-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001716/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/su27.htm |archive-date=2011-07-11 |url-status=live }}

|time to altitude=

|wing loading kg/m2=

|wing loading note=

|fuel consumption kg/km=

|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

|guns=1× 30 mm (1.18 in) Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds

|hardpoints=10: 2 under fuselage, 2 under air ducts, 4 under wings, 2 on wingtips

|hardpoint missiles=

• PL-15 (Later B models and J-11D only)
• PL-12
• PL-10 (Later B and D models)
• PL-9
• PL-8
• Vympel R-77
• Vympel R-27
• Vympel R-73

|bombs=Free-fall cluster bombs

|rockets=Unguided rocket launcher

|avionics=

• Fire-control radar: NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE Myech coherent pulse Doppler radar, or Type 1493 radar (J-11B)
• OEPS-27 electro-optic system
• NSts-27 helmet-mounted sight (HMS)
• Gardeniya ECM pods

}}

{{aircontent

|see also=

|related=

• Sukhoi Su-27
• Shenyang J-15
• Shenyang J-16

|similar aircraft=

• Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
• Dassault Rafale
• Eurofighter Typhoon
• Grumman F-14 Tomcat
• McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle/Mitsubishi F-15J
• Sukhoi Su-30
• Sukhoi Su-30MKK
• Sukhoi Su-35

|lists=

• List of fighter aircraft

}}

;Citations

{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |last=Golan |first=John |title=China's Hidden Power: The First Half Century of PLAAF Fighter Aviation |journal=Combat Aircraft |volume=7 |year=2006 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Yefim |last2=Komissarov |first2=Dmitry |title=Chinese Aircraft: China's aviation industry since 1951 |year=2008 |publisher=Hikoki Publications |location=Manchester |isbn=978-1-902109-04-6}}
• {{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|editor1-last=Hacket |editor1-first=James |title = The Military Balance 2014 | publisher = Routledge | location = Oxfordshire | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-85743-722-5 | author-link = International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref=IISS_MilBal2014}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rupprecht |first1=Andreas |title=Red Dragon "Flankers" - China's Prolific "Flanker" Family |url=https://harpia-publishing.com/hapbook/371 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |isbn=978-1-950394-10-4 |location=1090 Wien, Austria |year=2022}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Saunders |first1=Phillip C. |last2=Wiseman |first2=Joshua K. |date=December 2011 |title=Buy, Build, or Steal: China's Quest for Advanced Military Aviation Technologies |url=http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-4.pdf |journal=Chinese Strategic Perspectives |publisher=Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University |issue=4 |access-date=25 May 2015|ref={{SfnRef|Saunders|Phillip C.|Wiseman|Joshua K.}}}}
• {{cite journal |last=Wei |first=Bai |title=A Flanker by any other name |journal=Air Forces Monthly |volume=5 |year=2012 }}

{{Refend}}

{{commons category|Shenyang J-11}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110909135032/http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-11-Su-27-fighter-china.htm J-11 fighter, Chinese PLAAF]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120704192453/http://www.scribd.com/doc/98521734/Wei-B-May-2012-A-Flanker-by-Any-Other-Name-Air-Forces-Monthly-Issue-290 A Flanker by any other name] by Bai Wei Air Forces Monthly, May 2012

{{Su-27 family}}

{{AVIC aircraft}}

{{PRC fighters}}

{{PLAAF Aircraft}}

{{Chinese Military Aircraft}}

J-11, Shenyang

Category:Shenyang aircraft

Category:Twinjets

Category:Fourth-generation jet fighters

Category:Aircraft first flown in 1998

Category:Twin-tail aircraft

Category:Sukhoi Su-27 family aircraft

Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear

Category:4.5-generation jet fighters