Shepherd's axe

File:Raffet - Berger du Banat.jpg") shepherd in Banat, sporting a shepherd's axe (Auguste Raffet, c. 1837)]]

The shepherd's axe is a long thin light axe of Eurasian origin used in past centuries by shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains and in other territories which comprise today Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary.{{cite book|last=Forster Bovill|first=W. B. |title=Hungary and the Hungarians|year=2008|pages=79|quote=A fokos is an instrument with the head resembling that of a tomahawk, and may be used as a walking stick |isbn=978-0-559-52429-5}} The features of a shepherd's axe combine a tool with a walking stick, that could be used as a light weapon. It has symbolic historical and cultural connotations and is still used as a prop in many traditional dances, for example the odzemek.{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Odzemok (1*) – Slovakia |url=https://folkdancefootnotes.org/dance/a-real-folk-dance-what-is-it/1st-generation-dances/odzemok-slovakia/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Folkdance Footnotes |language=en}}

Names

Depending on the language, the axe is called as follows: {{langx|hu|fokos}}; {{langx|cs|valaška}};{{cite encyclopedia | first=J. B. |last=Havránka |encyclopedia=Slovníku spisovného jazyka českého | publisher=Československá akademie věd |title=valach |pages=sub voce |date=2011}} Polish (depending on the region): ciupaga, rąbanica, obuszek, cekanka, wałaszka{{efn|name=n1}}; {{langx|ro|baltag, secure}}; {{langx|rue|валашка, valaška}}; {{langx|sk|valaška}};{{cite book|last=Matzenauer|first=A. |title=Cizí slova ve slovanských řečech|year=1880|pages=89–90}} {{langx|uk|бартка, bartka, топірець, topirets'}}).{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Odzemok (1*) – Slovakia |url=https://folkdancefootnotes.org/dance/a-real-folk-dance-what-is-it/1st-generation-dances/odzemok-slovakia/ |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Folkdance Footnotes |language=en}}

Appearance

A shepherd's axe is a light axe with a long and straight wooden shaft, often with a metal butt. The length of the shaft is usually slightly more than 1 metre. The shafts were usually engraved as their owners had plenty of time for crafting.

A small metal head-piece is sharp on one side while the other side is flat and can be used as a hammer. The head-piece is formed to fit comfortably into the hand so the shepherd's axe could be used as a walking stick.

Today's shepherd's axes are mostly decorative, some having golden or silver head-pieces (mostly brass, iron, chromed iron, wood or aluminum – it is rare that any axe head would be made of solid gold or silver). Many are considered works of art (esp. those made up to the 1960s by highlanders). They were skillfully stamped/adorned according to ancient tradition. The main motifs were the sun, stars (whirl), comets, tree of life, flowers, trees such as fir or spruce, and various geometric designs. Some smiths used many different, elaborated stamps.

History and usage

The first written mention of the shepherd's axe comes from Emperor Qin Shi Huang's court.[https://web.archive.org/web/20101231120050/http://www.demokrata.hu/heti-hir/fokos# Magyar Demokrata], 2009-09-04, in Hungarian It is also depicted on Scythian imagery (see sagaris).

The first users of the shepherd's axe were Eurasian nomads. Many of them were found in Avar graves. Besides the common Eastern steppe varieties, Avar influence too can be felt on the Hungarian shepherd's axes.

In the 9th century, Magyar warriors used light axes on long shafts, called fokos, in their military arsenal during their invasion of Central Europe.[http://arpad.btk.mta.hu/14-magyar-ostorteneti-temacsoport/279-honfoglalas-kori-fokosok-baltak-es-bardok.html Honfoglalás kori fokosok, balták és bárdok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202083323/http://arpad.btk.mta.hu/14-magyar-ostorteneti-temacsoport/279-honfoglalas-kori-fokosok-baltak-es-bardok.html |date=2020-02-02 }}, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Zsolt Petkes, in Hungarian Apart from them, the Bulgars and also the Alans and Slavs used similar weapons.{{Citation needed|reason=Idem|date=May 2018}}

Vlach shepherds brought their shepherd's axes into Central Europe when they migrated along the Carpathian Mountains and Dinaric Mountains from the 14th through 17th centuries.{{Citation needed|reason= This needs primary or secondary sources from those centuries for the ample migrations implied here. Also sources for the evidences that they had that axes when they arrived. Since the line above implied that they were adopted. For me this is propaganda at best|date=May 2018}}{{better source needed|reason= The cited page states only that in the Middle Ages, Vlach shepherds transferred Balkan elements to the Carpathians|date= November 2024}}{{cite book|last=Reychman|first=J. |title=Peleryna, ciupaga i znak tajemny|year=1971|pages=68}} These were used by shepherds as versatile tools, providing a small axe, a supplemental hammer and a walking stick. Although a shepherd's axe could not be used to effectively cut down heavy trees, it was still able to cut smaller branches.

In Slovakia and Poland, shepherd's axes were inseparable tools of native shepherds, together with heavy decorative belts. In the Slovak culture, the shepherd's axe was popularized by local historical legend Juraj Jánošík.

In Hungary, modified axes were also used as martial weapons by Hungarian warriors in the early modern period, used, for example, in the 18th century in Rákóczi's War for Independence against Austrian soldiers. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hungarian Kuruc leader Imre Thököly and his soldiers used shepherd's axes as weapons. Hungarian shepherds in the northern regions used them also as tools.

File:Fokosrakoczi.jpg) from Rákóczi's War for Independence]]

Many people of the Halychyna region were depicted holding bartka, particularly members of the local peasant resistance of the 19th century known as opryshky, often being associated with their more prominent leader Oleksa Dovbush.

Present-day usage

At present, shepherd's axes are still made and sold as souvenirs and for decorative purposes. They are also still used in many traditional dances. Occasionally they may be seen in the rural parts of the country where older men still use them as walking sticks. They are rarely used as tools or weapons.

Gallery

Image:Klimek3.jpg|Klemens Bachleda holding a ciupaga

Image:Janosik - Wladyslaw Skoczylas (77104868) (cropped).jpg|Juraj Jánošík holding his valaška

Image:Thokolyi.jpg|Imre Thököly holding a modified fokos

Image:Bajurak.jpg|Opryshok Vasyl Bayurak holding ''bartka

Image:Obst WPD bartka.jpg|Depiction of bartka by Severyn Obst (1882)

Notes

{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=n1|In some sources the names wataha, wataszka appears; by that, some scholars attempt to trace their origin from Romanian vătaf ("master shepherd").{{cite journal |last1=Niță-Armaș |first1=S. |last2=Pavlic |first2=N. |last3=Gămulescu|first3=D. |date=1968 |title= L'influence roumaine sur le lexique des langues slaves |journal=Romanislavica |issue=16 |pages=99, 114}} In fact, those names had been created as a result of mistake; see {{cite journal |author=Juliusz Zborowski |title= Od wałaski do watażki |journal=Język Polski |volume=XXXIV |issue=2 |year=1954 |language=pl |pp= 125–128}}}}

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