Shipibo language

File:Shipibo jar (UBC-2010)a.jpg

Shipibo has three attested dialects:

• Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged
• Kapanawa of the Tapiche River,{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=18}} which is obsolescent

Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well,{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=14}} but there is no linguistic data.

Image:Shipibo monophthongs chart.svgs of Shipibo, from {{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}]]

• {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): {{IPAblink|i̞}}, {{IPAblink|o̞|o̽}}, {{IPA|/ɯ/}} is more front than cardinal {{IPAblink|ɯ}}: {{IPAblink|ɯ|ɯ̟}}, whereas {{IPA|/a/}} is more close and more central {{IPAblink|ɐ}} than cardinal {{IPAblink|a}}. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas {{IPA|/ɯ/}} before coronal consonants (especially {{IPA|/n, t, s/}}) can be as central as {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|pp=282–283}}
• In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}

• The oral vowels {{IPA|/i, ɯ, o, a/}} are phonetically nasalized {{IPA|[ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã]}} after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes {{IPA|/ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
• Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than {{IPA|/w, j/}} intervenes.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}

• The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
• Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}

• {{IPA|/m, p, β/}} are bilabial, whereas {{IPA|/w/}} is labialized velar.
• {{IPA|/β/}} is most typically a fricative {{IPAblink|β}}, but other realizations (such as an approximant {{IPAblink|β̞}}, a stop {{IPAblink|b}} and an affricate {{IPAblink|bβ}}) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
• {{IPA|/n, ts, s/}} are alveolar {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|n}}, {{IPAplink|ts}}, {{IPAplink|s}}]}}, whereas {{IPA|/t/}} is dental {{IPAblink|t̪}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=281}}
• The {{IPA|/ʂ–ʃ/}} distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
• {{IPA|/k/}} is velar, whereas {{IPA|/j/}} is palatal.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=281}}
• Before nasal vowels, {{IPA|/w, j/}} are nasalized {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w̃}}, {{IPAplink|j̃}}]}} and may be even realized close to nasal stops {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ŋ|ŋʷ}}, {{IPAplink|ɲ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
• {{IPA|/w/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|w}} before {{IPA|/a, ã/}}, as {{IPAblink|ɥ}} before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}} and as {{IPAblink|ɰ}} before {{IPA|/ɯ, ɯ̃/}}. It does not occur before {{IPA|/o, õ/}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
• {{IPA|/ɻ/}} is a very variable sound:
• Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ({{IPAblink|ɻ}} or {{IPAblink|ʐ}}).{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
• Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate {{IPA|[d̠͡z̠]}}, or a stop-approximant sequence {{IPA|[d̠ɹ̠]}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
• It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap {{IPAblink|ɾ̠}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
• Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219075222/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1107].
• {{cite journal |last=Fleck |first=David W. |date=10 October 2013 |title=Panoan Languages and Linguistics |journal=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History |issue=99 |pages=1–112 |doi=10.5531/sp.anth.0099 |hdl=2246/6448 |issn=0065-9452 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6448/AP99.pdf }}
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.)
• Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
• {{citation

|last1=Valenzuela

|first1=Pilar M.

|last2=Márquez Pinedo

|first2=Luis

|last3=Maddieson

|first3=Ian

|year=2001

|title=Shipibo

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=31

|issue=2

|pages=281–285

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342

|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109

|doi-access=free

}}

{{refend}}

{{Incubator|shp|lang=Shipibo}}

{{Commons category|Shipibo-Conibo}}

• [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shp Shipibo-Conibo] at Ethnologue
• [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/amerindia/ge_pano/panoan/shipibo Lengua Shipibo] at Proel
• [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/281 Shipibo-Conibo] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

{{Languages of Brazil}}

{{Languages of Peru}}

{{Pano-Tacanan languages}}

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Category:Panoan languages

Category:Languages of Peru

Category:Languages of Brazil

Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia

Category:Shipibo-Conibo