Shirshasana

The name Salamba Shirshasana comes from the Sanskrit words {{lang|sa|सालम्ब}} {{lang|sa-Latn|Sālamba}} meaning "supported", {{lang|sa|शीर्ष}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|Śīrṣa}} meaning "head",{{cite web | url=http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/the-finishing-sequence/item/shirshasana-a/ | title=Shirshasana A - AshtangaYoga.info | access-date=2011-04-11 | archive-date=6 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506140950/http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/the-finishing-sequence/item/shirshasana-a/ | url-status=dead }} and {{lang|sa|आसन}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|Āsana}} meaning "posture" or "seat".{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=S. C. |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zzRvh1fRzEC&pg=PA18 |date=1 June 1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-293-9 |page=18}}

The name Śīrṣāsana is relatively recent; the pose itself is much older, but had other names and purposes. Like other inversions, it was practised as Viparita Karani, described as a mudra in the 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika and other classical texts on haṭha yoga.Hatha Yoga Pradipika III.7 Viparita Karani, "the Inverter", holds the head down and the feet up for hours at a time, so as to cause gravity to retain the prana. The practice is claimed by the Dattatreya Yoga Shastra to destroy all diseases. to increase the digestive fire, and to banish signs of ageing.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=242}} The pose is described and illustrated in halftone as Viparita Karani in the 1905 Yogasopana purvacatusca.{{cite book |last=Ghamande |first=Narayana |title=Yogasopana Purvacatusca |year=1905 |publisher=Janardan Mahadev Gurjar, Niranayasagar Press |location=Bombay |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.365613/page/n81/mode/2up |page=81}}

Hemacandra's 11th century Yogaśāstra names it Duryodhanāsana ("Duryodhana's pose") or Kapālīkarana ("head technique"),{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=104}} while the 18th century Joga Pradīpikā calls it Kapālī āsana, head posture; it is number 17 of the set of 84 asanas described and illustrated there.{{harvnb|Bühnemann|2007|pp=47, 151}} However, the 19th century Sritattvanidhi uses the name Śīrṣāsana as well as Kapālāsana, while the Malla Purana, a 13th-century manual for wrestlers, names but does not describe 18 asanas including Śīrṣāsana.{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|pp=56–57, plate 6 (asana 31) and note 89, page 67}}

File:Kapala Asana (headstand) from Jogapradipika 1830.jpg|Headstand (labelled Kapālī Āsana) in Joga Pradīpikā, 1830

File:Headstand as Viparita Karani in Yogasopana.jpg|The mudra Viparita Karani using a headstand in Yogasopana Purvacatuska, 1905

In the Supported Headstand (Salamba Shirshasana), the body is completely inverted, and held upright supported by the forearms and the crown of the head.{{cite web | url=http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/481 | title=Supported Headstand |publisher=Yoga Journal | access-date=11 April 2011}} In his Light on Yoga, B. K. S. Iyengar uses a forearm support, with the fingers interlocked around the head, for the basic posture Shirshasana I and its variations; he demonstrates a Western-style tripod headstand, the palms of the hands on the ground with raised elbows, for Shirshasana II and III; and other supports for further variants. Iyengar names and illustrates ten variants in all, as well as several preparatory and transitional poses.{{sfn|Iyengar|1991|pp=179–203}}

The yoga headstand is nicknamed "king" of all the asanas.{{sfn|Iyengar|1991|p=127}}Among the sources making this claim are:

• {{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Geeta |author-link=Geeta Iyengar |title=Yoga: A Gem for Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0IfaJGbmxMC&pg=PA187 |date=1 June 1998 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-715-0 |page=187 |ref=none }}
• {{cite book |last=Hoare |first=Sophy |title=Yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1CtF3qoODEC |year=1977 |publisher=Macdonald Educational |isbn=978-0-356-06012-5 |page=78 |ref=none }}
• {{cite book |last=Ramdev |first=Swami |title=Yoga: Its Philosophy & Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMc4F5NzygcC |date=1 March 2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-89235-15-4 |page=92 |ref=none }}
• {{cite book |last1=Norberg |first1=Ulrica |last2=Lundberg |first2=Andreas |title=Hatha Yoga: The Body's Path to Balance, Focus, and Strength |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvIFC8Tbe24C&pg=PA105 |date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-60239-218-2 |page=105 |quote=Sirsasana is called the king of the asanas because it helps to open Sahasrara chakra, the crown chakra, and it stabilizes the pituitary gland. |ref=none }}

A variety of other asanas can be used to build the required upper body strength and balance.{{cite journal |last=Schumacher |first=John |date=July–August 1990 |title=Preparing for Inversions |journal=Yoga Journal |issue=93 |pages=68–77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOkDAAAAMBAJ}}

Shirshasana, alongside Sarvangasana and Padmasana, is one of the asanas most often reported as the cause of an injury.{{cite journal |last1=Acott |first1=Ted S. |last2=Cramer |first2=Holger |last3=Krucoff |first3=Carol |last4=Dobos |first4=Gustav |title=Adverse Events Associated with Yoga: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |year=2013 |pages=e75515 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075515|pmid=24146758 |pmc=3797727 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875515C |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |last1=Penman |first1=Stephen |last2=Stevens |first2=Philip |last3=Cohen |first3=Marc |last4=Jackson |first4=Sue |title=Yoga in Australia: Results of a national survey |journal=International Journal of Yoga |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=92–101 |issn=0973-6131 |doi=10.4103/0973-6131.98217|pmid=22869991 |pmc=3410203 |doi-access=free }}

File:Padma-shirshasana (cropped).jpg

Shirshasana permits many variations, including:

Mandalasana, Circle pose, is not a single variation but a sequence of movements in Shirshasana in which the legs move in a full circle around the body from one of these headstand variations to the next.{{Cite web |url=http://www.yogawiz.com/yoga-poses/yoga-asanas/circle-pose-mandalasana.html |title=Circle Pose (Mandalasana): Steps, Precautions And Health Benefits |access-date=2016-06-26}}{{Cite web |url=https://yogainternational.com/article/view/peak-pose-mandalasana-headstand-variation |title=Peak Pose: Mandalasana (Headstand Variation) |access-date=2016-06-26}}

• List of asanas

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Bühnemann |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions |date=2007 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8124604175 |url=https://archive.org/details/EightyFourAsanasInYogaGudrunBuhnemann_201801 }}
• {{cite book | last=Iyengar | first=B. K. S. | author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar | title=Light on Yoga | publisher=Thorsons | location=London | year=1991 |orig-year=1966 | isbn=978-0-00-714516-4 | oclc=51315708 }}
• {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga researcher) | title=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104 |page=104}}
• {{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=Norman E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC|title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1996 |isbn=81-7017-389-2}}

• [https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/supported-headstand Step by Step Instruction]

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