Short Strand
{{Short description|Area in Belfast, Northern Ireland}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Coord|54.59805|-5.90936|display=title}}
The Short Strand ({{langx|ga|an Trá Ghearr}}) is a working class, inner city area of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is a mainly Catholic and Irish nationalist enclave surrounded by the mainly Protestant and unionist East Belfast.{{cite book |title=Armed struggle: the history of the IRA |url=https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl |url-access=registration |last=English |first=Richard |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |pages=[https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl/page/134 134]–135 |isbn=978-0-19-516605-7 }}{{cite book |title=The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the morality of terrorism |url=https://archive.org/details/provisionalirish00shan |url-access=limited |last=Shanahan |first=Timothy |year=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/provisionalirish00shan/page/n32 24]–25 }}{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6350922.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106195301/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article6350922.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2010 |title='Loyalist victim' was shot by IRA crossfire |author=Liam Clarke |work=The Times |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=25 June 2010 | location=London}}{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/reid-talks-to-republican-and-loyalist-leaders-in-bid-to-stop-belfast-rioting-644490.html |title=Reid talks to republican and loyalist leaders in bid to stop Belfast rioting |author=David McKittrick |work=The Independent |access-date=25 June 2010 | location=London | date=5 June 2002}}
Short Strand is located on the east bank of the River Lagan in the townland of Ballymacarrett, which is part of County Down. The borders of the Short Strand are Albertbridge Road (to the south), Short Strand Road (to the west), Newtownards Road (to the north) and Bryson Street/Clandeboye Gardens (to the east). At the Short Strand's northeast corner is St Matthew's Catholic church.
For decades, Protestants and Catholics have regularly clashed at the edges of the Short Strand. This has led to fierce rioting and, occasionally, gun battles. Much of the Short Strand is surrounded by peace lines.{{Cite news |last1=Lundblad |first1=Mattias |last2=Frandsen |first2=Johannes |date=2019-06-05 |title=PHOTOS: 'I Haven't Met Anybody in the Area Who Actually Wants to Take the Walls Down' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/belfast-peace-lines-troubles-northern-ireland/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378 |quote=Short Strand, a small Catholic enclave in Eastern Belfast, is completely surrounded by walls separating it from the Protestant areas.}}
History
{{expand section|date=January 2013}}
= 18th century =
{{Annotated image 4
| image = Map of the Town and Environs of Belfast (1791).png
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| caption = Map of the river shore at Short Strand (partially reclaimed, with glassworks) south of Long Bridge in 1791. The red shoreline shows the boundary of County Down.
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The name 'short strand' refers to the previous river shoreline of Ballymacarrett townland, before the land to the west was reclaimed in stages from the River Lagan for industrial use in the 18th century.{{cite journal |last1=Dunlop |first1=Colin |title=John Edwards' Clay Pipe Works, Ballymacarrett, Belfast (1789–1803) |journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology |date=2015 |volume=73 |page=221 |jstor=44784693 |language=en |issn=0082-7355}} This included the first glassworks in the area, established by Benjamin Edwards in 1776, which also used sand from the river to make its glass.{{cite web |title=Ballymacarrett Glass - Belfast's Forgotten Glassworks |url=https://www.belfastentries.com/places/historical-places/ballymacarrett-glass/ |website=Belfast Entries |access-date=11 January 2024 |date=28 April 2023}}
= 19th century =
In the 19th century, many Catholics moved from County Down to the area.{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-13860978
|title=East Belfast interface: a familiar pattern continues
|work=BBC News
|last=Spackman
|first=Conor
|date=21 June 2011
|access-date=21 June 2011}}
= 1920s Troubles =
On 21 July 1920, after hours of intimidation and violence by Loyalists, most Catholic and Socialist workers were forcibly removed from their jobs at the Harland and Wolff shipyard. Expulsions continued for several days at locations within Belfast to include several hundred female textile workers.Parkinson, Alan F. (2004), Belfast's Unholy War, Four Courts Press, pgs 33-34, ISBN 1-85182-792-7 After the "Shipyard Clearances" intense Communal violence occurred in the Short Strand area for several years with an estimated 32 people from the area losing their lives over a two year period.Parkinson, pg 42 Widespread rioting, looting, evictions of Catholics from their homes and arson occurred. The local Catholic church (St. Matthews) was attacked multiple times – on 25 August 1920 after lootings and arson attacks in Ballymacarrett, on 22 November 1921 the gate lodge of the church was gutted by a Loyalist mob numbering between seven and eight hundred.McDermott, Jim, (2001), Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22, BTP Publications, Belfast, pgs 52 & 127, ISBN 1-900960-11-7 In March 1922, St. Mathews Primary School was subjected to a bombing attack.McDermott, pg 186 (See Belfast Pogrom.)
= The Troubles =
The ethno-political conflict known as The Troubles began in 1969. In the early years of the Troubles, Catholics in Short Strand numbered about 6,000, while their Protestant neighbours totalled about 60,000.{{cite book |title=Provisional Irish republicans: an oral and interpretive history |last=White |first=Robert William |year=1993 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=80 }} The area was the scene of much violence; including rioting and attacks by both Irish republican and loyalist paramilitaries. On 27 June 1970, the Provisional IRA fought a lengthy gun battle with loyalist militants around St Matthew's church. Three people were killed. This was the Provisional IRA's first major action and became known as the Battle of St Matthew's.{{Cite web |title=CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1970 |url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch70.htm |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=cain.ulster.ac.uk |quote=There was serious rioting in Belfast involving Protestants and Catholics. During the evening groups of Loyalist rioters began to make incursions into the Catholic Short Strand enclave of east Belfast. Catholics in the area believed that they were going to be burnt out of their homes and claimed that there were no British Army troops on the streets to protect the area. Members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) took up sniping positions in the grounds of St Matthew's Catholic Church and engaged in a prolonged gun battle with the Loyalists. This was the most significant IRA operation to date. Across Belfast six people were killed of whom five were Protestants shot by the IRA.}}
Throughout the Troubles there was a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) base in the Short Strand. It was heavily fortified due to bomb and gun attacks by the IRA. It was shut in 2009{{Cite news |date=2009-08-11 |title=Mountpottinger closure given official approval |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/mountpottinger-closure-given-official-approval/28490513.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |quote=There has been a mixed response to the Policing Board's decision to officially close Mountpottinger Barracks in Short Strand. The site will close on August 31 and be disposed of afterwards.}} and demolished in February 2011.{{Cite news |date=2011-01-20 |title=Sinn Fein call for speed as station demolition begins |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/sinn-fein-call-for-speed-as-station-demolition-begins/28582888.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |quote=The demolition of Mountpottinger barracks has begun. The barracks was a police station and housed the PSNI, RUC, Royal Irish Constabulary and the Ulster Defence Regiment in its time.}}
= 21st century =
File:Welcome to Short Strand.jpg
In June 2002, there was major rioting between rival republican and loyalist crowds, numbering over 1,000, and prolonged exchanges of gunfire between the rival paramilitaries.{{Cite news |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |last2=McDonald |first2=Henry |date=2002-06-05 |title=Riots engulf Belfast as peace line strains ceasefire to the limit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/05/jubilee.northernireland |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} See 2002 Short Strand clashes.
On 20 June 2011, a group of 60 to 100 men were reported to be attacking peoples' homes.{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-13851316
|title=Sectarian trouble flares at east Belfast's Short Strand
|work=BBC News
|date=20 June 2011
|access-date=21 June 2011}} There were reports of injuries, as well as homes being damaged and petrol bombs being thrown. Two men were reported to have been shot.{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-13854027
|title=Short Strand: Two men shot during east Belfast rioting
|work=BBC News
|date=21 June 2011
|access-date=21 June 2011}} Fighting had started at an interface area between Mountpottinger Road and the lower Newtownards road. Chief Superintendent Alan McCrum of the PSNI said that the violence had been orchestrated by the UVF.{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-13854027
|title=Short Strand: Police say riot was 'orchestrated' by UVF
|work=BBC News
|date=21 June 2011
|access-date=21 June 2011}} Two men were shot, and eleven shots were fired. A press photographer was shot on the second night of riots, with the PSNI blaming dissident Republicans.{{cite news
|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0622/breaking2.html?via=mr
|title=UVF blamed after second night of Belfast disturbances
|publisher=The Irish Times
|date=22 June 2011
|access-date=22 June 2011}}{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-13873307
|title=Police say dissidents behind photographer shooting
|work=BBC News
|date=22 June 2011
|access-date=22 June 2011}} Assistant Chief Constable Alastair Finlay said that there was no sign that the UVF intended to finish the rioting.
In 2015, the area again made headlines when members of the IRA were blamed for the murder of former IRA man Kevin McGuigan, who was shot dead outside his home in the Short Strand in retaliation for the murder three months earlier of senior IRA member Gerard 'Jock' Davison.{{Cite news |last=McDonald |first=Henry |date=2015-09-12 |title=Death of an assassin: how the killing of Kevin McGuigan reawakened Belfast's political strife |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/13/kevin-mcguigan-death-assassin-belfast-political-strife |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}
Popular culture
= Film =
- Much of the film The Outsider (1980) is set in the Short Strand.
= Television =
- The Short Strand, and St Matthew's Church in particular, are settings for season 3 of the television show Sons of Anarchy.