Shrapnel Barracks
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox military structure
|name=Shrapnel Barracks
|image=London, Woolwich, Shrapnel Barracks (GHC).jpg
|type = Barracks
|map_type = Greater London
|pushpin_map_caption = Location within London
|location = Woolwich
|coordinates ={{coord|51.4789|0.0511|display=inline,title}}
|ownership = Ministry of Defence
|operator = {{army|United Kingdom}}
|built = c.1853
|used=c.1853-c.1965
|architect =
|built_for =
|garrison =
|occupants =
}}
The Shrapnel Barracks was a British army base providing living accommodation in Woolwich in southeast London from the mid-19th century until the 1960s. Named after Lieutenant General Henry Shrapnel (who invented the shrapnel shell and was for some years based at the nearby Royal Arsenal), it was situated to the northwest of the modern-day Stadium Road, on the western edge of Woolwich Common; the site is now occupied by the Queen Elizabeth Hospital.
History
=Early history=
A "hutted camp" on the site "dating from the Crimea" (1853-1856) is recorded and was the base for cavalry units stationed in Woolwich.{{cite web|title=Summer meeting (June 2007): Woolwich: Home of the Royal Artillery 1716-2007|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/images/images-microsites/RA/Summer07-Text.doc|website=Royal Artillery Historical Society|publisher=RAHS|accessdate=8 November 2017}} (the Royal Artillery Barracks are nearby). The camp was in place before 1869 and is depicted as 'Hut Barracks' on the Ordnance Survey 1st edition map of that date.{{cite book|last1=Newsome|first1=Sarah|last2=Williams|first2=Andrew|title=An Archaeological Survey of Woolwich Common|date=2009|publisher=English Heritage|url=http://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id=5830%7CWoolwich%20Common,%20Woolwich,%20Greater%20London:%20An%20Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20Woolwich%20Common%20and%20Its%20Environs|accessdate=8 November 2017}} The Royal Horse Infirmary of the Army Veterinary Department stood immediately to the south, and there were several stable blocks in the vicinity.
==Duke of York's Cottages==
To the north of the barracks rows of huts had been laid out on the common, in lines running north-south, in the early years of the 19th century. They had been erected (with permission) by married artillerymen to house their own families (there were around a thousand married soldiers based in the Royal Artillery Barracks with no official housing provided). A contemporary account talked of "several hundreds" of these "mud huts" of which "the Government grew ashamed and had them replaced".Grover, Lieut G. E. (c.1870), "Historical Notes on the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich". [https://archive.org/stream/minutesproceedi04unkngoog/minutesproceedi04unkngoog_djvu.txt Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution] Because they obstructed military use of the common, the garrison commander replaced them with rudimentary single-room dwellings (a hundred, arranged in pairs back-to-back), strung along the edge of the road to Charlton. Their inhabitants were charged rent to defray the cost. Later, additional dwellings were built for married NCOs, and an infant school was added (paid for by subscriptions from officers).{{cite book |last1=Saint |first1=A |last2=Guillery |first2=P. |title=Woolwich - Survey of London, Volume 48 |date=2012 |publisher=Yale Books |location=London |page=439}} The area was renamed the "Duke of York's cottages", though they were 'still always popularly called "the Huts"'. After an outbreak of diphtheria, the insanitary and overcrowded dwellings were demolished in the late 1870s.{{cite book|last1=Guillery|first1=Peter|last2=Saint|first2=Andrew|title=Survey of London: Ch. 10: Woolwich Common and Royal Military Academy Areas|date=2012|publisher=English Heritage|isbn=9780300187229|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/woolwich|accessdate=8 November 2017}} In 1887 the Remount Establishment of the Army Remount Service was built on the site.{{cite web |last1=Newsome |first1=Sarah |last2=Williams |first2=Andrew |title=Woolwich Common, Woolwich, Greater London: An Archaeological Survey of Woolwich Common and Its Environs |url=https://research.historicengland.org.uk/Report.aspx?i=14834&ru=%2FResults.aspx%3Fn%3D10%26p%3D704 |website=Historic England |date=6 May 2011 |accessdate=26 August 2020}}
=Later history=
In 1896 a new barracks was built and given the name Shrapnel Barracks;{{cite book |last1=Jocelyn |first1=Colonel Julian R. J. |title=The History of the Royal Artillery (Crimean Period) |date=1911 |publisher=J. Murray |page=52}} (plans dating from 1897 are held at the National Archives in Kew).{{cite web|title=Woolwich: plans and section of Shrapnel Barracks.|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3272502|website=The National Archives|accessdate=8 November 2017}} They provided accommodation for a brigade of field artillery. A riding school and 'lines of new stables' were provided on the site.{{cite book |last1=Besant |first1=Walter |title=London: South of the Thames, Volume 10 |date=1912 |publisher=A. & C. Black |location=Edinburgh |page=206}} In 1904, the barracks was the scene of a double tragedy in which a soldier shot his girlfriend and then himself.{{cite web|title=Shot in Barracks|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TS19041102.2.9|website=Past Papers: STAR, ISSUE 8156, 2 NOVEMBER 1904|accessdate=8 November 2017}}
The old Hut Barracks, however, appear to have remained in use. Walter Besant in 1912 describes, from north to south: 'the remount depot, the shrapnel barracks with lines of new stables, the hut barracks, and the Royal Horse Infirmary, with stables beyond'.{{cite book |last1=Besant |first1=Walter |title=London: South of the Thames, Volume 10 |date=1912 |publisher=A. & C. Black |location=Edinburgh |page=206}} The 1911 census listed 567 persons 'in the Shrapnel Barracks and Huts'.{{cite book |title=Census of England and Wales, 1911, Volume III |date=1912 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |page=344}}
In 1910 the barracks were repurposed to serve as No. 1 (Eastern) Cavalry Depot. That year plans were drawn up by Harry Bell Measures for a new officers' mess and quarters,{{cite web|title=Woolwich Barracks: Cavalry Depot, Shrapnel Barracks. Officers' mess and quarters. Record...|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2131266|website=The National Archives|accessdate=8 November 2017}} which were under construction the following year. The cavalry depot remained operational through the First World War; after the war the barracks reverted to accommodating a field artillery brigade.{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=B. P. |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: between the wars 1919-1939 |date=1992 |publisher=Royal Artillery Institution |location=Woolwich |page=45}}
During the Second World War, the barracks served as a mobilisation depot for regiments of artillery.{{cite book |last1=Farndale |first1=Sir Martin |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat, Europe and North Africa 1939-1941 |date=1986 |publisher=Royal Artillery Institution |location=Woolwich |page=22}} In the early stages of the war, an anti-aircraft battery was built on the common, just east of the barracks, and manned by a battery of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. In 1940 it was armed with four 4.5-inch guns, helping protect areas of southeast London from enemy action;{{cite news|title=The Tirpitz and other stories|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/90/a4456190.shtml|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=WW2: People's War|publisher=BBC Southern Counties|date=14 July 2005}} In 1944 it was upgraded to eight gun emplacements, equipped with 3.7-inch guns. On 28 October 1944, a V-2 rocket exploded prematurely above the barracks without causing any casualties.{{cite web|title=The Time of the Rockets (13 September 2013)|url=http://blitzwalkers.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/the-time-of-rockets.html|website=Blitzwalkers|date=13 September 2013 |accessdate=8 November 2017}}
The barracks was used by the Royal Artillery and the Women's Royal Army Corps before demolition in the 1960s.
Hospital site
File:Plaque marking opening of Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital.jpg
The site was subsequently used for construction of the £16m Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital. A foundation stone was laid in 1972, with the hospital opening five years later,{{cite web|title=Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital QEMH Woolwich|url=http://www.qaranc.co.uk/qemhwoolwich.php|website=Qaranc.co.uk|accessdate=8 November 2017}}{{cite web|title=Unit History: Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital|url=https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/204/queen-elizabeth-military-hospital/|website=Forces War Records|accessdate=8 November 2017}} and being officially opened on 1 November 1978. The hospital had 456 beds in 16 wards, and cared for servicemen and their families, Chelsea Pensioners and Far East Prisoner of War survivors, plus local civilians. It closed in 1995 following government defence cuts. In March 2001 it was reopened as the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, and was later (2006) rebuilt and extended, though some original features, such as the main entrance, remain.{{cite web|title=Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital|url=http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/qemh.html|website=Lost Hospitals of London|accessdate=8 November 2017}} The barracks name is recalled by a road, Shrapnel Close, skirting the western edge of part of the hospital site.{{cite web|url=http://www.londontown.com/LondonStreets/shrapnel_close_415.html|title=Shrapnel Close|publisher=London Town|accessdate=7 April 2018}}
Notable people connected with the barracks
Spike Milligan's father Leo joined the army as a boy soldier in the Royal Artillery at Shrapnel Barracks in 1904,{{cite book|last1=Milligan|first1=Spike|title=Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts|date=2012|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9780241955956|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/milligansmeaning0000mill}} while journalist Bill Deedes was stationed there briefly in 1940.{{cite book|last1=Deedes|first1=William|title=Words and Deedes: Selected Journalism 1931-2006|date=2013|publisher=Pan MacMillan|isbn=9780330541121|page=70}} Terence Thomas, Baron Thomas of Macclesfield was also stationed at the Shrapnel Barracks, in the 1950s.{{cite news|title=A Man of Integrity|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/a-man-of-integrity-963370|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=Manchester Evening News|date=19 April 2010}}