Shuttle-C

{{Short description|Uncrewed cargo launcher proposal by NASA}}

{{Refimprove|date=December 2008}}

File:Shuttle-c launch painting.jpg

The Shuttle-C was a study by NASA to turn the Space Shuttle launch stack into a dedicated uncrewed cargo launcher.{{Cite web |title=Shuttle C |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/shuttlec.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.astronautix.com}} The Space Shuttle external tank and Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) would be combined with a cargo module to take the place of the Shuttle orbiter and include the main engines. Various Shuttle-C concepts were investigated between 1984 and 1995.{{cite web | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/sts-c.htm | title = Shuttle-C | publisher = GlobalSecurity.org | accessdate = 2009-01-20 }}

The Shuttle-C concept would theoretically cut development costs for a heavy launch vehicle by re-using technology developed for the shuttle program. End-of-life and Space Shuttle hardware would also have been used. One proposal even involved converting Columbia or Enterprise into a single-use cargo launcher. Before the loss of Space Shuttle Challenger, NASA had expected about 24 shuttle flights a year. In the aftermath of the Challenger incident, it became clear that this launch rate was not feasible for a variety of reasons.{{cite web | url = https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1ch8.htm | title = Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident | publisher = NASA | date = 1986-06-06 | accessdate = 2009-01-20 }} With the Shuttle-C, it was thought that the lower maintenance and safety requirements for the uncrewed vehicle would allow a higher flight rate.{{cite web | url = http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1989/PV1989_2521.pdf | title = Shuttle-C, evolution to a heavy lift launch vehicle | publisher = NASA/AIAA | date = 1989-07-13 | accessdate = 2009-08-05 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090920034004/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1989/PV1989_2521.pdf | archivedate = 2009-09-20 }}{{cite web | url = https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2045&context=space-congress-proceedings| title = Shuttle-C, heavy lift vehicle of the 90's |author=Robert G. Eudy |publisher = NASA/AIAA | date = 1990-09-25 | access-date = 2023-04-02 }}

The Shuttle-C would have been the main crew launch vehicle for the ILREC Piloted Lander in the International Lunar Resources Exploration Program.

In the early 1990s, NASA engineers planning a crewed mission to Mars included a Shuttle-C design to launch six non-reusable, 80-ton segments to create two Mars ships in Earth orbit. After President George W. Bush called for the end of the Space Shuttle by 2010, these proposed configurations were put aside.{{citation_needed|date=June 2019}}

As early as the 1970s, some iteration of the Shuttle-C had been studied (Encyclopedia Astronautica mentions it as "Class 1 SDV"). It was discussed in Gerard O'Neill's 1976 book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, with artwork by Don Davis.{{Cite web |title=The Don Davis High Frontier Artshow |url=https://ssi.org/space-art/the-don-davis-high-frontier-artshow/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Space Studies Institute |language=en-US}}