Si Inthrathit

{{Infobox royalty

| name = Si Inthrathit
{{small|ศรีอินทราทิตย์}}

| title = Khun{{cite web |last1=Eoseewong |first1=Nidhi |title=“พ่อขุน” ไม่เคยใช้เรียกกษัตริย์ที่ครองราชย์อยู่ “รามคำแหง” พระนามที่ชวนฉงน ?!? |url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_44228 |website=Silpawattanatham |publisher=Silpawattanatham |access-date=28 April 2025}}

| image = พ่อขุนศรีอินทราทิตย์.jpg

| caption = Statue of Si Inthrathit, Sawankhalok District, Sukhothai Province, Thailand

| succession = King of Siam

| reign = 1238 - 1270

| coronation =

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| predecessor = Si Naonumthum

| successor = Ban Mueang

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| regent1 =

| regnal name = Kamonteng Ansi Inthrabodinthrathit

| birth_name = Bang Klang Hao

| birth_date = 1188

| birth_place = Mueang Rat

| death_date = 1270 (aged 81/82 years old)

| death_place = Sukhothai Kingdom

| spouse = Sueang

| issue = Ban Mueang
Ram Khamhaeng the Great
Three other children

| issue-link =

| issue-pipe =

| house = Phra Ruang dynasty

| father = Chantha Racha

| mother = Nang Nak

| religion =

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}}

Si Inthrathit ({{langx|th|ศรีอินทราทิตย์}}, {{IPA|th|sǐː ʔīn.tʰrāː.tʰít|pron}}; also spelt {{IAST|Śrī Indrāditya}}) was the first king of the Sukhothai Kingdom, a historical kingdom of Thailand, and ruled from 1238 until around 1270. He is credited as the founder of Phra Ruang dynasty, itself credited as the first historical Siamese dynasty, having a double claim to this title: for being cradled precisely in the region designated by foreigners as "Siam", and for being the dynasty which freed the Thai principalities from the Khmer Empire{{cite journal

|last= Cœdès |first= G. |author-link= George Cœdès

|year= 1921 |title= The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty

|journal= Journal of the Siam Society |volume= 14 |issue= 1

|publisher= Siam Heritage Trust

|url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1921/JSS_014_1b_Coedes_OriginsOfSukhodayaDynasty.pdf |url-status= dead

|access-date= March 17, 2013 |archive-date= July 31, 2013

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130731072147/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1921/JSS_014_1b_Coedes_OriginsOfSukhodayaDynasty.pdf

|quote= (1) The translation of this paper, which has been read at a joint session of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Société Asiatique, and American Oriental Society, and published in the Journal asiatique (April–June 1920), is the work of Mr. J. Crosby, to whom the author begs to tend his heartfelt thanks. }}

Difficulties in interpretation

Initially known as Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao ({{langx|th|พ่อขุนบางกลางหาว}}), interpreted as ”the lord who rules the sky”, the controversy surrounding this names illustrates the limitations of epigraphy. This science studies inscriptions or epigraphs as writing, to identify graphemes, clarify their meanings, and classify their uses according to dates and cultural contexts. Texts inscribed on steles are often missing the top or bottom portions, just where one would expect dates, complicating the drawing of conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document, and the artistic value of a literary composition. These complications led to the ruler in his early life being known as simply Hao (หาว).{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Life

Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao was born to the royal family of Sukhothai.{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/detail_file/zAIPi9Q4zr9Z5HQg9BEDh89RABaGCxc6IDw0wf01.pdf|title=ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่ม 1|date=1963|access-date=14 December 2024|language=th|work={{ill|Suksapanpanit|th|องค์การค้าของ สกสค.}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213205536/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/detail_file/zAIPi9Q4zr9Z5HQg9BEDh89RABaGCxc6IDw0wf01.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2024}} His exact ethnic background lineage is unclear, but legend frames him as a descendant of King Patumsuriyawong,{{cite book|url=https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425162408/https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|title=Ayutthaya Testimonies|language=th|access-date=12 December 2024|date=1968|author=Phraya Pariyattithamthada|archive-date=25 April 2023|publisher=Rung Rueang Tham}} which some historians identify as Khmer king Suryavarman II. Thepthani Administration (Chalerm), Phra. (1965). [https://www.google.co.th/books/edition/Phongs%C4%81wad%C4%81n_ch%C4%81t_Thai/8_kyAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C+(+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%92%22&dq=%22%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C+(+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%92%22&printsec=frontcover The Chronicles of the Thai Nation: The Origins of the Nation from Ancient Times]. Compiled by Phra Boriya Thepthani, Governor of Pathum Thani, Lop Buri, Trat, and the Governor of Nonthaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces (complete in 2 volumes). Bangkok: Office of S. Thammaphakdi. Page 133.

Prior to his reign, Bang Klang Hao was the chief of Bang Yang, a territory which belonged to the westernmost regions of the Khmer Empire at that time.{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Cœdès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indianizedstates0000cdes/page/195/mode/1up?view=theater }}{{rp|195–196}} The territory now lies in the north-central region of Thailand.

Bang Klang Hao, together with Khun Pha Mueang of Mueang Rat, decided to rebel and declare independence from Angkor. Khmer control and its prohibitive taxes were crucial motivations for the rebellion. Extensive Khmer preoccupation with great architectural works weakened the ability and readiness of Khmer defenses, indirectly aiding the rebellion. Bang Klang Hao captured Si Satchanalai and gave it to Pha Mueang. Pha Mueang reciprocated by giving him Sukhothai.

Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao was then declared king at Sukhothai, taking a regnal name of Sanskrit origin, Si Inthrathit, translated from "Adityan Indra". His skill and bravery greatly impressed the people of the kingdom, who thus conferred him the title Phra Ruang (”glorious prince”). This title was given to all subsequent rulers of Sukhothai, thus giving rise to the first Thai royal dynasty of Phra Ruang.

Si Inthrathit and his queen, Sueang, had three sons. The eldest died at a young age, and the second was named Ban Mueang. His third son defeated a Khmer prince on elephants in mounted combat; he named this youngest son Ram Khamhaeng (”Rama the Bold“) in tribute to the feat. Si Inthrathit died around 1270, and was succeeded by his son Ban Mueang.

Si Inthrathit

Difficulties in interpretation

Life

References

Further reading