Sida cordifolia
{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sida cordifolia (Bala) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9420.jpg
|image_caption =
|genus = Sida
|species = cordifolia
|authority = L.
}}
Sida cordifolia ('ilima,{{PLANTS|id=SICO|taxon=Sida cordifolia|accessdate=12 November 2015}} flannel weed,{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }} bala, country mallow or heart-leaf sida) is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It has naturalized throughout the world, and is considered an invasive weed in Africa, Australia, the southern United States, Hawaiian Islands, New Guinea, and French Polynesia.{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/introduced?startChar=S|title=Invasive and Noxious Weeds|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=18 July 2010}}{{cite book|author1=William Thomas Parsons|author2=Eric George Cuthbertson|title=Noxious weeds of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA511|access-date=18 July 2010|date=March 2001|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06514-7|pages=511–}}{{cite book|author1=C. W. Agyakwa|author2=I. O. Akobundu|title=A handbook of West African weeds|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GSqs_1JEO7oC|access-date=18 July 2010|year=1998|publisher=IITA|isbn=978-978-131-129-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GSqs_1JEO7oC/page/n569 563]–}} The specific name, cordifolia, refers to the heart-shaped leaf.{{cite web|url=http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sida_cordifolia.htm|title=Sida cordifolia|date=2006-10-25|publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)|access-date=18 July 2010}}
Description
Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial that reaches {{convert|50|to|200|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, with the entire plant covered with soft white felt-like hair that is responsible for one of its common names, "flannel weed". The stems are yellow-green, hairy, long, and slender. The yellow-green leaves are oblong-ovate, covered with hairs, and {{convert|3.5|to|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|2.5|to|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The flowers are dark yellow, sometimes with a darker orange center, with a hairy 5-lobed calyx and 5-lobed corolla.
As a weed, it invades cultivated and overgrazed fields, competing with more desired species and contaminating hay.{{cite journal|last=Pitt|first=J. L.|date=March 1, 2002|title=Flannel Weed|journal=Agnote|issn=0157-8243|url=https://transact.nt.gov.au/ebiz/dbird/TechPublications.nsf/CFBAB9FBD3A915AD69256EFE004F5FC6/$file/482.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=2010-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314034732/https://transact.nt.gov.au/ebiz/dbird/TechPublications.nsf/CFBAB9FBD3A915AD69256EFE004F5FC6/$file/482.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=2011-03-14|url-status=dead}}
Medicinal use
{{more medical citations needed|section|date=September 2014}}
File:Sida cordifolia (Bala) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9423.jpg.]]
Sida cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic medicine (Sanskrit:-BALA).{{cite book |title=Ayurvedic Medicine |last=Pole |first=Sebastian |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-443-10090-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH2C3PuOHzYC&q=%22Sida+cordifolia%22&pg=PA137 |access-date=2008-11-03 |page=137}}
Known as "malva branca", it is a plant used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, blennorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion,{{cite journal |last1= Franzotti |first1= EM |last2= Santos |first2= CV |last3= Rodrigues |first3= HM |last4= Mourão |first4= RH |last5= Andrade |first5= MR |last6= Antoniolli |first6= AR |year= 2000 |title= Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca) |journal= J. Ethnopharmacol. |volume= 72 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 273–7 |doi= 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1 |pmid= 10967481 }} stomatitis, of asthma and nasal congestion{{cite journal |title= CNS pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L. leaves |last1= Franco |first1= CI |last2= Morais |first2= LC |last3= Quintans-Júnior |first3= LJ |last4= Almeida |first4= RN |last5= Antoniolli |first5= AR |journal= Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume= 98 |issue= 3 |pages= 275–279 |date= 2005 |doi= 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.008 |pmid= 15814259 }} and in many parts of Africa for various ailments, particularly for respiratory problems.{{cite book|author1=Markus S. Mueller|author2=Ernst Mechler|title=Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use - Experience - Facts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWWkmxKfckcC&pg=PA138|access-date=18 July 2010|year=2005|publisher=Thieme|isbn=978-3-13-138341-9|pages=138–}} It has been investigated as an anti-inflammatory,{{cite journal | pmid = 10967481 |date=Sep 2000 | title = Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca). | volume = 72 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 273–7 | issn = 0378-8741 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | doi = 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1 | author1 = Franzotti, EM | author2 = Santos, CV | author3 = Rodrigues, HM | author4 = Mourão, RH | author5 = Andrade, MR | author6 = Antoniolli, AR}}{{cite journal | pmid = 10189958 |date=Feb 1999 | title = Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida cordifolia | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–7 | issn = 0951-418X | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199902)13:1<75::AID-PTR387>3.0.CO;2-F | journal = Phytotherapy Research | author1 = Kanth, VR | author2 = Diwan, PV| doi-access = free }} for preventing cell proliferation,{{cite journal | pmc = 1232859 | doi = 10.1186/1477-3163-4-15 | date = Sep 2005 | title = Apoptosis induced by the Tibetan herbal remedy PADMA 28 in the T cell-derived lymphocytic leukaemia cell line CEM-C7H2 | volume = 4 | pages = 15 | pmid = 16138918 | journal = Journal of Carcinogenesis | author1 = Jenny, M | author2 = Schwaiger, W | author3 = Bernhard, D | author4 = Wrulich, OA | author5 = Cosaceanu, D | author6 = Fuchs, D | author7 = Ueberall, F | doi-access = free }} and for encouraging liver re-growth.{{cite journal | pmid = 17013511 | year = 2006 | title = Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy | volume = 21 | pages = 37–9 | issn = 0102-8650 | journal = Acta Cirurgica Brasileira | doi = 10.1590/S0102-86502006000700009 | author1 = Silva, RL | author2 = Melo, GB | author3 = Melo, VA | author4 = Antoniolli, AR | author5 = Michellone, PR | author6 = Zucoloto, S | author7 = Picinato, MA | author8 = Franco, CF | author9 = Mota, GDE | last10 = Castro e Silva | first10 = Orlando DE | issue = Suppl 1 | doi-access = free }} Because of its ephedrine content, it possesses psychostimulant properties, affecting the central nervous system and also the heart.{{cite journal |date=January 2006 | title = Dopamine-mediated actions of ephedrine in the rat substantia nigra | volume = 1069 | issue = 1 | pages = 96–103 | journal = Brain Research | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.044 | author1 = Adam C. Munhall | author2 = Steven W. Johnson | pmid = 16386715 | s2cid = 40626692 }}
Phytochemistry
The following alkaloids were reported from S. cordifolia growing in India:{{cite journal |first1= S. |last1= Ghosal |first2= R. B. P. S. |last2= Chauhan |first3= R. |last3= Mehta |year= 1975 |title= Alkaloids of Sidia cordifolia |journal= Phytochemistry |volume= 14 |issue= 3 |pages= 830–832 |doi= 10.1016/0031-9422(75)83057-3 |bibcode= 1975PChem..14..830G }} β-phenethylamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, S-(+)-Nb-methyltryptophan methyl ester, hypaphorine, vasicinone, vasicinol, choline, and betaine.
No tannin or glycosides have been identified from the plant. The roots and stems contain the alkaloid ephedrine, normally observed in the different varieties of the gymnosperm genus Ephedra. Recent analyses have revealed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine constitute the major alkaloids from the aerial parts of the plant, which also show traces of sitosterol and palmitic, stearic and hexacosanoic acids. Two flavanones—5,7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone and 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone—and two phytosterols—β-sitosterol and stigmasterol—have been isolated from the plant.{{cite journal |title= Bioactive flavones of Sida cordifolia |last1= Sutradhar |first1= R.K. |last2= Rahman |first2= A.K.M.M. |last3= Ahmad |first3= M.U. |last4= Bachar |first4= S.C. |journal= Phytochemistry Letters |year= 2008 |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 179–182 |doi= 10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.004 |bibcode= 2008PChL....1..179S }} The analgesic alkaloid (5′-Hydroxymethyl-1′-(1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one) has also been found.{{cite journal |title= Bioactive alkaloid from Sida cordifolia Linn. with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities |last1= Sutradhar |first1= R.K. |last2= Matior Rahman |first2= A.K.M. |last3= Ahmad |first3= M. |last4= Bachar |first4= S.C. |last5= Saha |first5= A. |last6= Guha |first6= S.K. |journal= Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics |year= 2006 |volume= 5 |issue= 2 |pages= 175–178 }} Sterculic acid, malvalic acid, and coronaric acid have been isolated from the seed oil, along with other fatty acids.{{cite journal |last1= Farooqi |first1= J.A. |last2= Ahmad |first2= M. |year= 1985 |journal= Chemistry & Industry |issue= 14 |pages= 483–484 |title= Sida cordifolia seed oil a rich source of hydrogen bromide reactive fatty acids }}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Sida cordifolia}}
- {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0-7234-3410-8 }} Contains a detailed monograph on Sida cordifolia (Bala) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20101017142652/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/394-bala
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1300611}}
Category:Flora naturalised in Australia
Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants