Sidereal year

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Short description|Time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun once with respect to the fixed stars}}

A sidereal year ({{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|d|ɪər|i|.|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|ɪ|-}}; {{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|sidus}}|asterism, star}}), also called a sidereal orbital period, is the time that Earth or another planetary body takes to orbit the Sun once with respect to the fixed stars.

Hence, for Earth, it is also the time taken for the Sun to return to the same position relative to Earth with respect to the fixed stars after apparently travelling once around the ecliptic.

It equals {{Nowrap|{{val|365.256363004}} ephemeris days}} for the J2000.0 epoch,{{Sfn|IERS|2014}} or a little over 366 sidereal days. The sidereal year differs from the solar year, "the period of time required for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees",{{Sfn|AA|2016}} due to the precession of the equinoxes.

The sidereal year is 20 min 24.5 s longer than the mean tropical year at J2000.0 {{Nowrap|({{val|365.242190402}} ephemeris days)}}.{{Sfn|IERS|2014}}

At present, the rate of axial precession corresponds to a period of 25,772 years,[http://syrte.obspm.fr/iau2006/aa03_412_P03.pdf N. Capitaine et al. 2003], p. 581 expression 39 so sidereal year is longer than tropical year by 1,224.5 seconds (20 min 24.5 s, ~365.24219*86400/25772).

Before the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes by Hipparchus in the Hellenistic period, the difference between sidereal and tropical year was unknown to the Greeks.{{Cite web| last = Stern| first = David P.| title = Precession| work = NASA's Polar, Wind and Geotail Site| accessdate = April 25, 2022| date = October 10, 2016| url = https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sprecess.htm}}

For naked-eye observation, the shift of the constellations relative to the equinoxes only becomes apparent over centuries or "ages", and pre-modern calendars such as Hesiod's Works and Days would give the times of the year for sowing, harvest, and so on by reference to the first visibility of stars, effectively using the sidereal year.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The Indian national calendar, based on the works of Maga Brahmins, as are the calendars of neighbouring countries, is traditionally reckoned by the Sun's entry into the sign of Aries and is also supposed to align with the spring equinox and have relevance to the harvesting and planting season and thus the tropical year.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

However, as the entry into the constellation occurs 25 days later, according to the astronomical calculation of the sidereal year, this date marks the South and Southeast Asian solar New Year in other countries and cultures {{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}