Siege of Derry#Relief

The "Glorious Revolution" overthrew James II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and replaced him with William of Orange, who landed in England on 5 November 1688. James fled to France in December. Louis XIV, King of France, received James well because he needed him and his supporters, the Jacobites, as allies in the Nine Years' War, which he had just started by investing Philippsburg on 27 September and declaring war on the Dutch Republic on 6/16 November.{{Efn|name=Cal}} On 7 May 1689, Williamite England declared war on France, quite belatedly, as French officers and experts had already been fighting William's troops at Derry before that time. This siege was part of the Williamite War in Ireland, which in turn is a side-show of the Nine Years' War.

In Scotland, the privy council asked William to assume responsibility for the government in January 1689, and William and Mary were formally offered the Scottish throne in March. However, many Scottish people, especially among the Highland clans, had sympathies for the Jacobite cause.

Ireland, however, was still ruled by Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnell, whom James had appointed viceroy (i.e. Lord Deputy) in 1687. Tyrconnell was from an Old English (Norman) Catholic family. He had re-admitted Catholics to the Irish Parliament and public office, and had replaced Protestant officers with Catholic ones in the army. Tyrconnell, and Irish Catholics in general, stayed loyal to James and many Irish Protestants hesitated to declare themselves openly for William. Tyrconnell took action against those who did, and by November 1688 only the Protestants of Ulster were still resisting. Two Ulster towns, Enniskillen and Derry, were to become the focal points of the first stage of the Williamite war.

Louis XIV had revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which resulted in Huguenots fleeing to northern Europe and rekindled fears of persecution in Protestant communities.{{Sfn|Puaux|1911|p=867|ps=. "... on the 18th of October 1685 he pronounced its revocation ... France, which in the course of a few years lost 400,000 of its inhabitants ..."}}

When the Dutch invasion threatened, James doubted the loyalty of his English troops. He therefore asked Tyrconnell to send him reliable Irish ones. These units sailed to Chester in September and early October 1688.{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3, line 14]|ps=. "To strengthen his forces in the face of the Dutch threat, James ordered the better elements of the Irish Army into England. One regiment of dragoons, a battalion of Foot Guards, and Anthony Hamilton's and Lord Forbes's battalions of line infantry, a total of 2,964 men, sailed to Chester during September and early October."}} To replace them Tyrconnell ordered four new regiments to be raised, one for each Irish province. He ordered Alexander MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim, a Catholic nobleman of Scottish origin, to raise the Ulster regiment. MacDonnell, already in his seventies, hired 1,200 Scottish mercenaries (called redshanks), making sure they were all Catholics. The unit was supposed to be ready on 20 November,{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3, line 19]|ps=. "The latter unit, commanded by Alexander McDonnell, Third Earl of Antrim, was intended to enter the field by 20 November."}} but delays occurred.

At that time Tyrconnell's recast of the Irish army had advanced so far that few units still had significant numbers of Protestants. One of those was the regiment of Viscount Mountjoy, a Protestant loyal to James. This unit was in garrison at Derry. Tyrconnell considered Mountjoy's regiment unreliable and on 23 November ordered it to march to Dublin.{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3, line 23]|ps=. "Tyrconnell, on the other hand, did not want an unreliable battalion in such a key post so, on 23 November, he ordered it to England via Dublin."}} Mountjoy's regiment was to be replaced by MacDonnell's,{{Sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/143/ 143, bottom]|ps=. "a regiment of twelve hundred Papists commanded by a Papist, Alexander Macdonnell, Earl of Antrim, had received orders from the Lord Deputy to occupy Londonderry."}} which was not ready so that Derry was left without a garrison.

When MacDonnell finally got his troops on the way, he met Colonel George Philips at Newtown Limavady, who immediately sent a messenger to Derry to warn the city.{{Sfn|Bagwell|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati45stepuoft/page/174/ 174, right column, top]|ps=. "Lord MacDonnell's regiment of highlanders and Irish appeared at Newtown Limavady on 6 Dec. and Philips at once wrote to Alderman Norman to put the people of Londonderry on their guard."}} On 7 December, with MacDonnell's regiment ready to cross the Foyle River under Derry's Ferryquay Gate, 13 apprentices seized the city's keys and locked the gates.{{Sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/145/ 145]|ps=. "seized the keys of the city, rushed to the Ferryquay Gate, closed it in the face of the King's officers, and let down the portcullis."}}{{Sfn|Joyce|1903|p=[https://archive.org/details/aconcisehistory00joycgoog/page/n226/ 213]|ps=. "Lord MacDonnell marched to take possession of Derry; but while the aldermen and magistrates were hesitating, a few of the bolder young apprentices seizing the keys, locked the town gates on the 7th of December, and shut out MacDonnell and his Jacobite forces."}} With this act Derry was in open rebellion against Tyrconnell and his master James II, who was already in exile in France at that time. MacDonnell was not strong enough to take the town by force and retreated to Coleraine.

Later generations have sometimes seen the shutting of the gates by the apprentices as the start of the siege. In reality, six peaceful months passed between the apprentices' action (7 December) and the start of the siege (18 June 1689). In a similar way Robert Lundy's blunders, flight, and supposed treachery (see further down) are often telescoped into the days of the apprentices' action, while in reality, they fell into the lead-up to the siege in June 1689.

On 9 December Philips came into town. As he had been governor of Derry and Fort Culmore under Charles I,{{Sfn|Bagwell|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati45stepuoft/page/174 174, left column, bottom]|ps=. "From June 1681 to September 1684 he was governor of Culmore Fort"}} the citizens gave him the keys and accepted him as de facto governor. When Tyrconnell heard that MacDonnell had been kept out of Derry, he stopped Mountjoy on his march to Dublin and sent him back. On 21 December Mountjoy reached Derry. He struck a deal with the city, according to which two of his companies, consisting entirely of Protestants, would be allowed into town.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879 |p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n218/ 199]|ps=. "in pursuance of an arrangement with Mountjoy of the 21st of December, the citizens of Derry had admitted a part of his regiment to garrison their town."}} The one was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Lundy, the other by Captain William Stewart.{{Efn|name=Marquess}}

Mountjoy appointed Lundy governor of the town instead of Philips. On 20 February the inhabitants sided with William by proclaiming him king of England.{{Sfn|Boulger|1911|p=[https://archive.org/details/battleofboynetog00boul_0/page/90/ 90]|ps=. "On February 20, 1689, the people of Derry, having got rid of the Catholics in the garrison and town, proclaimed the Prince of Orange as King William."}} Lundy had the walls and the gates repaired, refitted gun carriages and musket stocks, removed buildings and other obstacles that might provide cover to besiegers from before the walls, purchased powder, cannonballs and matchlocks.[http://www.newsletter.co.uk/features/apprentice-boys-is-robert-lundy-much-maligned-1-4734055 Apprentice Boys: Is Robert Lundy much maligned?], The Belfast News Letter, 31 January 2013

Tyrconnell upscaled his efforts to bring Ulster back under control, and on 8 March he sent Lieutenant-General Richard Hamilton with an army of 2500 from Drogheda into Ulster.{{Sfn|Chichester|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/204/ 204, left column]|ps=. "Tyrconnell despatched Hamilton with 2,500 troops to make head against the Ulstermen and the news of his having driven them back from Dromore to Coleraine greeted James on his entry into Dublin on the 24 March 1689."}} On 14 March Hamilton defeated the Protestant Army of the North at the Break of Dromore in County Down.

In the meantime, on 12 March,{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoogpage/n75/ 55, line 21]|ps=. "On Tuesday the 12th of March, King James arrived at Kinsale from France ..."}}{{Efn|name=Land}} James had landed at Kinsale (on Ireland's south coast) with a French fleet of 30 men-of-war commanded by Jean Gabaret.{{Sfn|FitzJames|1778|p=[https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdumar01berw/page/46/ 47]|ps=. "une escadre de trente vaisseaux de guerre, commandés par M. de Gabaret." ... "nous arrivâmes à Kingsale le 17 Mars."}} He was accompanied by d'Avaux, the French ambassador, many English and Irish exiles, and about a hundred French officers. He brought with him money and equipment, but few troops.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n75/ 55, line 22]|ps=. "... but contrary to the expectations that the Irish had formed, he was accompanied by only eighteen hundred men; by some accounts, still less."}}{{Sfn|Anonymous|1689|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435017792839;view=1up;seq=30 26 higher]|ps=. "King James landed at Kingsale on Tuesday, March 12 ..."}} French troops were needed on the continent for the Nine Years' War and were not considered necessary in Ireland as Tyrconnell had already raised a large army and only lacked equipment and the money to pay the men.

At Kinsale, James was received by Donogh MacCarthy, 4th Earl of Clancarty, in his house there.{{Sfn|Seccombe|1893|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarynatio57stepgoog/page/n449 437]|ps=. "When James II landed in Kinsale in 1689, Clancarty received him in his house there ..."}} We will meet him again at Derry. From Kinsale James proceeded to Cork where he met Tyrconnell. He left Cork on 20 March{{Sfn|Anonymous|1689|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435017792839;view=1up;seq=30 26 lower]|ps=. "on Wednesday the 20th set out from thence,"}} and entered Dublin on Palm Sunday 24. He took up quarters in the castle and established his council on which sat d'Avaux, Tyrconnell, John Drummond, Earl of Melfort, and Conrad de Rosen.

Hearing of James's arrival, Derry prepared to defend itself. On 20 or 21 March Captain James Hamilton{{Sfn|Wills|1841|p=[https://archive.org/details/livesofillustrio03willuoft/page/328 328, line 10]|ps=. "James Hamilton afterwards Earl of Abercorn, who brought to its [i.e. Derry] relief from England a quantity of arms and ammunition, with five thousand pounds in money."}} arrived from England with the frigate {{HMS|Jersey|1660|6}} and the merchantman Deliverance,{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 61]|ps=. "HMS Jersey (captain John Beverley RN) and the merchantman Deliverance entered Lough Foyle on 21 March "...}} bringing gunpowder, munition, weapons, and £595 in cash.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n95/ 75]|ps=. "On the same day, the 21st of March, Captain James Hamilton arrived from England, bringing with him 8000 stand of arms for the garrison, 480 barrels of powder, and £595 in money;"}} James Hamilton was a nephew of Richard Hamilton but fought on the other side.{{Sfn|MacGeoghegan|1763|p=[https://archive.org/details/histoiredelirla01jamgoog/page/n378/ 738]|ps=. "Le capitaine Jacques Hamilton.... [footnote](a) il étoit neveu de Richard Hamilton, qui commandoit ce siége pour le roi ..."}} These provisions were to be crucial during the siege. He also brought the commission from King William and Queen Mary that confirmed Colonel Lundy as the town's Williamite governor.{{Sfn|Walker|1893|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007050069;view=1up;seq=26 14]|ps="March 20. Captain James Hamilton arrived from England, with Ammunitions and Arms, 480 Barrels of Powder, and Arms for 2000 men, and a Commission from the King and Queen for Col. Lundy to be Governour of the City ..."}} Lundy swore the oath of allegiance to William in the cabin of the Jersey. The town committee decided to build a ravelin in front of the Bishops Gate,{{Sfn|Mackenzie|1690|p=[https://archive.org/details/nd3904626/page/n29/ 18, right column]|ps=. "Wednesday 20th [March 1689]. It was order'd by the Committee of Derry that a Ravelin should be built to defend the Bishops Gate ..."}} possibly using some of the money brought by Captain Hamilton.

File:Walls of Derry (11), August 2009.JPG

Tyrconnell and James decided to bring Derry back under their control. On 2 or 3 April Major-General Jean Camus, Marquis de Pusignan,{{Sfn|La Chesnaye des Bois|1771|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9qZBAAAAcAAJ/page/n474/ 457, line 30]|ps=. "Jean Camus, son fils aîné, Marquis de Pusignan, Lieutenant-général des armées du Roi, fut tué à la tête du Régiment de Languedoc en 1689."}}{{Sfn|Lainé|1818|p=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GvZGAAAAcAAJ/page/n187/ 127]|ps=. "La seigneurie de Pusignan, en Dauphiné, érigé en marquisat en novembre 1678 en faveur de N... Chauderon, lieutenant-général de Fauconnerie, échut par sa mort à Géneviève Chauderon, sa soeur, qui avait épousé Imbert Camus, seigneur de Bayols, qui du chef de sa femme devint marquis de Pusignan."}} marched north with five regiments of foot. This brought the number of troops in the north to about 12000.{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/178/ 178]|ps=. "which made in all, with the other troops that were already in the North, eleven thousand nine hundred and seventy-eight-foot"}} James followed on 8 April, accompanied by d'Avaux and Melfort.{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/180/ 181]|ps=. "He parted from Dublin the 8th day of April,"}}

On 13 April cavalry forming part of the Jacobite vanguard was reported approaching Derry. Lundy called a council of war that decided to defend a line along the River Finn, SW of Derry, near Strabane. Passes over the river at Castlefin, Clady, Long Causeway, and Lifford were manned. On 15 April, this line was attacked by the cavalry vanguards of the two Jacobite armies, Hamilton's, which had come from Coleraine, and Rosen's, which had come from Dublin via Charlemont.{{Sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=889|ps=. "At the battle of the Fords (15 April) de Rosen and Hamilton made separate attacks on Lundy's positions on the rivers Finn and Foyle and forced Lundy's troops back to the city."}} Hamilton's cavalry attacked on the Jacobites' left wing at Castlefinn and Clady. At Castlefinn they were repulsed by Colonel Skeffington's Regiment, commanded by John Mitchelburne,{{Sfn|Doherty|2008|p=66, bottom|ps=. "Colonel Skeffington's Regiment, now commanded by Mitchelburne, stopped a Jacobite party that tried to ford the river near Castlefinn, some miles beyond Clady, driving them back with many casualties."}} but at Clady the cavalry under Richard Hamilton and Berwick swam through the river and routed the defenders.{{Sfn|FitzJames|1778|p=[https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdumar01berw/page/48 47]|ps=. "De là nous marchâmes, le 15 Avril, au pont de Clady, sur la rivière de Strabane, dont les Rebelles, au nombre de dix mille, vouloient défendre le passage ..."}} This has been called the Battle of Cladyford. The Long Causeway was not attacked.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n112 92]|ps=. "At the Long-Causeway, Colonel Francis Hamilton rallied the troops, but the Irish did not come that way."}} Rosen's cavalry attacked on the right wing, at Lifford where Jacques de Fontanges, comte de Maumont{{Sfn|Bouillet|1848|p=[https://archive.org/details/nobiliairedauve00bouigoog/page/n93/ 82]|ps=. "Cette branche a produit Jacques de Fontanges, comte de Maumont, lieutenant-général des armées."}} crossed the river at the head of his cavalry and broke through the defences.{{Sfn|Doherty|2008|p=66, middle|ps=. "Rosen recorded that Maumont was the first to enter the river."}}

In the meantime, the English sent reinforcements to Derry. On the very day of the defeat at the Passes, on 15 April, Colonel Cunningham and Colonel Richards arrived on Lough Foyle with the frigate {{HMS|Swallow|1660|6}}, commanded by Captain Wolfran Cornewall, and nine transport ships carrying two regiments, altogether about 1600 men.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n112/ 93]|ps=. "Colonel Cunningham and Colonel Richards arrived in Lough Foyle from England, with nine ships and a man of war, conveying two regiments, consisting of 1600 men."}} Cunningham, who was in charge, had been instructed to take his orders from Lundy, the governor. Lundy, disheartened by his defeat at the Passes, was convinced that the town was lost. On 16 April Lundy held a council of war with Cunningham and Richards from which he excluded most of the local commanders. He proposed the troops should not land and the town should be abandoned pretending that there were insufficient provisions to defend it.{{Cite news|title=Irish Affairs: Defence of Londonderry|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol10/pp259-263#h3-0004|work=House of Commons Journal|issue=12|date=12 August 1689|quote=Colonel Lundie was the first Man that spoke at this Council of War and made a Proposition to quit the Town and to send the Two Regiments Back again; alleging, for his Reason, That there was not above a Week or Ten Days Provisions left in the Town, ...}}

The proposal was accepted by all present. Lundy kept this resolution secret, but the people in town could see that many of the gentry and officers that had been present in the council prepared to leave and went down to the river to board the ships. Cunningham's fleet waited for Lundy still on 17 April but then left, apparently without him. The ships stopped over at Greencastle on 18 April and sailed for England on 19 April.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n124/ 105]|ps=. "The ships, after lingering in the Lough to pick up such officers and gentlemen as chose to desert, fell down to Greencastle on the 18th, and on the morning of the 19th set sail for England."}} Finally, Lundy left the city disguised as an ordinary soldier and took a ship to Scotland.

Having broken through the passes, Hamilton reached Londonderry on 18 April and summoned the city to surrender. The defenders asked for a delay of two days before a parley. They also insisted that the Jacobite army should halt at St Johnston and not come nearer. However, when King James joined up with the army, Rosen suggested the King should appeal directly to his subjects in the town: they would surely submit to their King. The effect was the contrary. The men on the wall seeing him approach interpreted this act as a breach of their agreement with Hamilton and when James and his retinue rode up to within 300 yards of Bishops Gate and summoned the city, cannons were fired at them.{{Sfn|O'Kelly|1850|p=[https://archive.org/details/macariaeexcidium00okel/page/33/ 33]|ps=. "but he was little surprized when, instead of Submission, they shott a Shower of Arrows against him, which wounded Some of his Attendants, and it was not then doubted but they aimed chiefly at his royall Person."}}

According to a later account, he was rebuffed with shouts of "No surrender!" and one of the king's aides-de-camp was killed by a shot from the city's largest cannon, the "Roaring Meg".{{Cite news|title=Siege of Londonderry in 1688 |work=Gentleman's Magazine |year=1826 |volume=96 |publisher=John Nichols & Son |location=London |page=606 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA606}} James would ask thrice more, but was refused each time.

That same day Adam Murray reached the town. He and his cavalry unit had been part of the Protestant Army of the North and had fought at the passes. He came from Culmore along the river, broke through the still quite loose ring formed by the besiegers around the town, and reached Shipquay Gate, which Captain Morrison opened for him.

On 19 April the town council appointed Henry Baker governor of Londonderry.{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85]|ps=. "... on 19 April the remodelled town council offered the position to Major Henry Baker ..."}} Baker put George Walker in charge of the stores.

On 20 April King James sent Claud Hamilton, 4th Earl of Abercorn, with a last proposal to the walls. Murray talked with him and rejected it.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n134/ 114]|ps=. "As a last resort the King sent the Earl of Abercorn with new terms and proposals, and Colonel Murray, at his request had a conference with him outside the walls."}}{{Sfn|Graham|1829|p=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorysiegelo00grahgoog/page/n169/ 107, line 18]|ps=. "At the same time Lord Strabane approached the walls, a great proportion of whose defenders were his tenants, and offered the King's pardon, protection and favour ... "}}{{Efn|name=Strabane}} James returned to Dublin with Rosen and left the forces before Londonderry under Maumont's command. However, Richard Hamilton also stayed and was of equal rank. Both had been promoted Lieutenant-General quite recently. Frictions sometimes arose between the Irish and the French officers about who was in command.

File:WALKER(1893) p187 VIEW OF LONDONDERRY DURING THE SIEGE OF 1688-89.jpg before it.]]

On 21 April the besieged, led by Murray, sallied and killed Maumont.{{Sfn|Walker|1893|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007050069;view=1up;seq=33 21]|ps=. "... they killed above 200 of the Enemies Souldiers, besides Mamow the French General ..."}}{{Sfn|Gazette de France|1689|p=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64517520/f12 236, line 11]|ps=. "Le sieur de Maumont, Capitaine aux Gardes, Lieutenant Genéral en Irlande a esté tüé au siége de Londonderry."}} This has also been called the Battle of Pennyburn. Command devolved to Richard Hamilton. On 23 April Fort Culmore, which guarded the mouth of River Foyle, surrendered to the Jacobites.{{Sfn|Graham|1829|p=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorysiegelo00grahgoog/page/n169/ 107]|ps=. "In the evening he proceeded to Strabane where he received a deputation, offering a surrender of Culmore Fort, which he accepted, and in consequence of which, General Hamilton was put in possession of it a few days afterwards."}} During another sally, on 25 April, the Duke of Berwick and Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis, were wounded and Pusignan killed.{{Sfn|Gazette de France|1689|p=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64517572/f6 286, line 25]|ps=. "On écrit du camp devant Londonderry, que le 5 de ce mois, le sieur Richard Hamilton Lieutenant-Général, estant allé reconnoistre la place avec pluspart des officiers généraux, les assiegez sortirent au nombre de plus de deux mille cinq cent hommes & escharmouchérent longtemps ... le Duc de Barwick et le sieur de Pointis y furent blessés ... Le sieur de Puisignan Marechal de Camp recut un coup de mousquet au travers du corps dont il mourut"}}

On 6 May Brigadier-General Ramsay attacked the Windmill Hill before the Bishops Gate and drove out the sentinels posted there by the besieged,{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99]|ps=. "Before Derry, on the night of 5–6 May Brigadier Ramsay drove the guards out of a small earthwork built during Lundy's governorship and occupied Windmill Hill."}} but Baker knew the importance of this position and on the next day, the besieged sallied from the Ferryquay Gate and retook Windmill Hill. Ramsay was killed and other officers were taken prisoners.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n148/ 128]|ps=. "Brigadier Ramsay, in an attempt to rally his men and bring them up again to renew the encounter, was slain."}} Among them were William Talbot, a nephew of the viceroy, Viscount Netterville and Gerald FitzGerald, Knight of Glin.{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/202/ 202, footnote|ps=. "... brigadier Talbot, formerly called Wicked Will, and nephew to Tyrconnell, taken, and dead and buried this day [26 June 1689] of his wounds."}} Baker built a line of earthworks from the river up to Windmill Hill and back through the Bog to the river downstream of the town.

On 7 May Williamite England formally declared war on France. This officially sanctioned what was already happening around Derry since 18 April. Two French generals, Maumont and Pusignan, had already been killed in the siege. France never declared war on England as they saw James as the rightful king and the Williamites as mere rebels.

On 11 May a French fleet landed more equipment and troops at Bantry Bay in southwestern Ireland and fought the battle of Bantry Bay against an English fleet. The battle was inconclusive, but the French seemed to have had the advantage.

File:WALKER(1893) p197 MAP OF DERRY - AS BESIGED IN 1688-89.jpg

On 30 May the besiegers received heavy guns and mortars. Before that date they only had field artillery.{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/200/ 200 top]|ps=. "The great guns and mortars arrived not at the camp, till the thirtieth of May, and till then little was done against the town, except beating them back when they ventured to sally with what guns we had upon them ..."}} Matthew Plunkett, 7th Baron Louth, and de Pointis were in charge of the mortars, which were placed on the right bank of the river where no sally could reach them. The mortars fired almost 600 explosive shells into the town.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n158/ 138]|ps=. "from the 2nd of June the large shells began to come, and then, when the supply of these seemed exhausted, about the first week of July, the besiegers returned to the small shells again. Between the 24th of April and the 22nd of July they cast into the city 587 bombs, of which 326 were small and 261 were large."}}

About this time disease and hunger took hold within the city. It became evident that the town needed to be relieved. William gave that task to Major-General Percy Kirke, who decided to first explore the mouth of River Foyle to find out whether ships could get through to Derry. He sent the engineer Jacob Richards, son of Solomon Richards, mentioned earlier, with the small (sixth-rate) frigate HMS Greyhound and two ketches. They sailed from Hoylake on 13 May and explored the mouth of River Foyle on 8 June.{{Sfn|Childs|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PPUAwAAQBAJ&pg=113 113]|ps=. "a reconnaissance expedition left Hoylake on 13 May comprising HMS Greyhound (sixth rate, Captain Gwillam), HMS Kingfisher (ketch, Captain Edward Boyce) and a merchant ketch, the Edward and James (Master Mr Meers)."}} However, Greyhound ran aground near Fort Culmore and was damaged by cannon shot{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/200/ 200 bottom]|ps=. "The English on the eight of June sent a small frigate, the Grayhound"}} before she got afloat, escaped and after some makeshift repairs limped back to Greenock in Scotland to refit. Observations and information obtained from the inhabitants confirmed that the besiegers had placed a boom across the river. Indeed, on 3 June, the besiegers, led by de Pointis, had placed a boom across the River Foyle about halfway between Derry and Culmore.{{Sfn|Gazette de France|1689|p=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6451762c/f18 352]|ps=. "On a eu avis du camp devant Londonderry du 13 du mois dernier, que les assiegants avoient fait une estacade à l'endroit le plus étroit de la rivière ..."}}

On 17 May Major-General Percy Kirke sailed from Liverpool{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n160/ 141, line 11]|ps=. "They set sail from Liverpool on the 17th of May; but were delayed by contrary winds."}} with three men-of-war (HMS Swallow, {{HMS|Bonaventure|1660|6}}, and {{HMS|Dartmouth|1660|6}}) and 24 transport ships. The fleet carried four regiments (about 3000 men: Kirke's own, Sir John Hanmer's, William Stewart's and St George's). The last two were the regiments that should have landed with Cunningham. The convoy arrived in Lough Foyle early in June. The besieged saw it from the cathedral tower on the 13th.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n160/ 141, line 26]|ps=. "Again, on the 13th of June, from the tower of the cathedral, a fleet of ships was seen on the Lough;"}}

Kirke thought that he had too few troops to challenge the besiegers in battle and the incident with the Greyhound seemed to show that it was too risky to approach the town by the river.{{Sfn|Gazette de France|1689|p=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64517646/f16 374]|ps=. "Le Major Genéral Kirk a écrit du lac de Londonderry, qu'il avoit trouvé les Irlandais si bien retranchez sur les deux bords de la rivière, où ils avoient dressés deux bateries de vingt quatre livres de balle pour défendre les estacades qui la traversent qu'il lui avoit esté impossible de forcer le passage. Que comme les troupes qu'il commande n'estoient pas assez nombreuses pour faire le débarquement, il n'avoit osé le tenter de peur de les trop exposer."}}

On 4 June Richard Hamilton ordered to storm the town. The Jacobites attacked the line of earthworks and passed over them in some places but were finally beaten back.{{Sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/889/ 889]|ps=. "... the humiliating failure of his two attacks on Windmill Hill (6 May and 4 June) ..."}}

In order to accelerate the siege, James sent Rosen to Derry, who arrived on the scene at some time between 17 and 24 June.{{Sfn|Macpherson|1775|p=[https://archive.org/details/originalpapersco01macp/page/200/ 201]|ps=. "The mareschal de Rosen arrived in the camp before Derry the 17th,"}}{{Sfn|Walker|1893|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007050069&view=1up&seq=41 29]|ps=. "June 24. or thereabout, Conrad de Rosen, Marshall General of the Irish Forces, is received into the Enemies Camp"}} Rosen brought with him the regiment FitzGerald from Trim.{{Sfn|Hogan|1958|p=37|ps=. "... le regiment Fitzgerald, que j'avois pris avec moy, après qu'on luy a eu fourny des armes pour le nombre d'hommes complet dont il estoit composé."}} On 21 June Berwick was sent south with a detachment to keep the Enniskilleners away. Rosen intensified the bombardment and had a mine dug under a bastion.

On 28 June Clancarty came up from Munster to Derry with his regiment and led a daring night attack against the Butcher's Gate immediately on the evening of his arrival.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n172/ 152]|ps=. "At ten o'clock on the night of his arrival, the young boy, warmed it was said with liquor as well as with valour, crossed the Bog at the head of his men, and attacked the outworks at Butcher's Gate."}} The besieged were surprised and the attackers succeeded to come up against the gate and touch it but were eventually thrown back.

At the beginning of June, Governor Baker fell ill and on 21 June a council was held to choose a successor. Baker was consulted and chose John Mitchelburne. On 30 June Baker died and Mitchelburne became governor of Derry.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n168 149]|ps=. "He [Baker] died about a week after, on the 30th of June, and Mitchelburn then took his place as military governor ..."}}

File:The Mountjoy at the boom.jpg

On 2 July Rosen herded Protestants from the surroundings to under the wall. The besieged responded by threatening to kill prisoners. Hamilton reported this event to James, who disagreed with Rosen's measure and called him a "barbarious Muscovite".{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n184 164]|ps=. "... none but a barbarious Muscovite could have thought of so cruel a contrivance."}}

Frederick de Schomberg, having been appointed commander-in-chief by William, ordered Kirke to attack the boom.{{Sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/235/ 235]|ps=. "Just at this time Kirke received a despatch from England, which contained positive orders that Londonderry should be relieved. He accordingly determined to make an attempt which, as far as it appears, he might have made, with at least an equally fair prospect of success, six weeks earlier."[A note explains this as follows:] "This despatch which positively commanded Kirke to attack the boom, was signed by Schomberg, who had already been appointed commander in chief of all the English forces in Ireland. A copy of it is among the Nairne MSS in the Bodleian Library."}} Thereupon, on 28 July, Kirke sent four ships to the mouth of the River Foyle to try to bring food into Derry. These were HMS Dartmouth and three merchant ships: Mountjoy from Derry, Phoenix from Coleraine, and Jerusalem.{{Sfn|Witherow|1879|p=[https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog#page/n200/ 181]|ps=. "That day orders were issued by Kirke from aboard the Swallow that three small vessels laden with provisions, under the protection of the Dartmouth, man-of-war frigate, should attempt the passage of the river. The Dartmouth, commanded by Captain Leake, had been ordered round from Carrickfergus for this service; The victuallers were the Mountjoy, of Derry, Capt. Micaiah Browning, a native of the city; the Phoenix, of Coleraine, Captain Andrew Douglas; and the Jerusalem, Captain Reynell.}} Dartmouth, under Captain John Leake, engaged the shore batteries, while Mountjoy, commanded by her Master Michael Browning, rammed and breached the boom, whereupon Mountjoy and Phoenix sailed up to Derry, unloading many tons of food.{{London Gazette|issue=2476|date=1 August 1689|title=Hampton Court Aug 4|page=2|quote=This day arrived here an Express with letters from Major General Kirk, dated the 29th past, on board the Swallow in the Lough of Derry which bring the good news of the Relief of Derry, ...}} Seeing that he could no longer starve out Derry and not having enough troops to storm the town, Rosen decided to raise the siege. On 1 August the besieged discovered that the enemy was gone.{{Sfn|Graham|1829|p=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorysiegelo00grahgoog/page/n318/ 259]|ps=. "Early on the morning of the first of August, the garrison sent out a detachment to see what was become of the enemy. They saw them on their march ..."}} On 3 August Kirke reported the raising of the siege to London.{{London Gazette |issue=2478 |date=8 August 1689 |title=Hampton Court Aug 8 |page=1 |quote=This day arrived here Captain Withers being sent by Major-General Kirk, with News of the raising the siege of Derry: The letters he brings from the Major-General are of the 3d instant from the Isle of Inch ...}} On 31 July another Jacobite army had been defeated at Newtownbutler by the Enniskilleners.

File:Michael Browning Memorial Derry.JPG

The city had endured 105 days of siege, from 18 April to 1 August. Some 4,000 of its garrison of 8,000 are said to have died during this siege.

{{More citations needed |section |date=December 2013}}

{{Further|Parades in Northern Ireland}}

The Siege of Derry, like the Battle of the Boyne, is part of Northern Irish Protestant folklore.{{Sfn|McBride|1997}}{{cite news |url=http://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/local/baker_club_jewel_1_2362239 |title=Baker Club jewel |newspaper=Londonderry Sentinel |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=2 August 2014}} The siege is commemorated by two parades: the Shutting-of-the-Gates Parade and the Relief-of-Derry Parade.

File:A view of Londonderry.png

The shutting of the gates by 13 apprentices, which happened on 7 December 1688, is commemorated each year on the first Saturday of December, dubbed "Lundy's Day". The commemoration is organised by the Apprentice Boys of Derry, a Protestant association. The day usually starts with the firing of one and then three cannon shots, meaning 13, from the walls at midnight on Friday. Then follows the ceremony of the touching of the four original gates: Bishops Gate, Butchers Gate, Shipquay Gate, and Ferryquay Gate. On Saturday, first the members of the Apprentice Boys clubs domiciled outside the walls march to the Apprentice Boys Memorial Hall. Then the assembled members march through the city from the Hall to St Columb's Cathedral where a thanks-giving service is held. After the service, a wreath is laid at the Siege Heroes Mound in the cathedral grounds. Finally, Lundy is burned in effigy as a traitor.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20565591 "Several thousand people have attended the Lundy's Day parade in Londonderry, which has passed without incident"] BBC News, Saturday, 1 December 2012

The end of the siege, which is taken to have happened on 1 August 1689, old style, when the besieged discovered that the besiegers had left, is celebrated by the Relief of Derry parade, usually held on the second Saturday of August. This day is chosen because it usually is near 11 August, which is the New Style equivalent of 1 August. This parade is one of the events of the week-long Maiden City Festival. On 1 August 1714, Mitchelburne hoisted a crimson flag on the steeple of St Columb's Cathedral to mark the anniversary of the relief of the city, a practice that continued for many years.{{Sfn|Gibney|2021|loc=paragraph 7 |ps=. "Involved in the foundation of the original Apprentice Boys club in 1718, he arranged for a crimson flag to be hung from the cathedral spire on its completion."}} In 1969 a confrontation between Protestants and Catholics during the Relief of Derry parade started the Battle of the Bogside, but recent parades have been largely peaceful.

Walker's Pillar was a monument to Reverend George Walker. It was built from 1826 to 1828 on the Royal Bastion. The monument consisted of a column crowned by a statue of the famous man. On the night of 27 August 1973, it was blown up by the Provisional IRA.{{Cite news|title=Siege hero Walker felled in midnight blast |url=https://www.derryjournal.com/news/siege-hero-walker-felled-in-midnight-blast-1-2147025 |access-date=17 September 2018 |work=Derry Journal |date=23 July 2010}} The plinth remains.

The Browning Memorial Plaque is affixed to the city wall on Guildhall Square. It commemorates Michael (or Micaiah) Browning, the Master of the Mountjoy. The top shows his ship, the Mountjoy. The inscription below cites the passage describing his death in Macaulay's History of England, which calls his: the most enviable of all deaths.{{Sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/236/ 236]|ps=. "...and he died the most enviable of all deaths, in sight of the city which was his birthplace, which was his home, and which had just been saved by his courage and self-devotion from the most frightful form of destruction."}}

The popular song "Derry's Walls" commemorates the siege. The author is unknown. The chorus reads:

:We'll fight and don't surrender

:But come when duty calls,

:With heart and hand and sword and shield

:We'll guard old Derry's Walls.

{{Notelist|refs=

: {{Efn|name=Cal|During the period covered in this article, England, Scotland and Ireland used the Julian Calendar (i.e. Old Style), whereas France and the Netherlands used the Gregorian calendar (i.e. New Style). The difference was 10 days at the time. See Old Style and New Style dates.}}

: {{Efn|name=Marquess|William Stewart was the grandfather of the first Marquess of Londonderry.}}

: {{Efn|name=Land|Most authors agree that James landed on 12 March, but FitzJames, the James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick, gives this date as 17 March.}}

: {{Efn|name=Strabane|The Earl of Abercorn also was Baron Hamilton of Strabane and owned much land around that town.}}

: {{Efn|name=GdF|The dates in the Gazette de France are New Style.}}

}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

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• {{Cite book|last=Graham |first=Rev. John |date=1829 |title=A History of the Siege of Londonderry and Defence of Enniskillen in 1688–9 |edition=2nd |publisher=William Curry |location=Dublin |oclc=19596078 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorysiegelo00grahgoog/}}
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• {{Cite book|last=Lainé |first=Louis |date=1818 |title=Dictionnaire véridique des origines des maisons nobles ou anoblis du royaume de France |volume=Tome premier |publisher=Chez l'auteur, rue de la Vrillière |location=Paris |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GvZGAAAAcAAJ/}} – A to F
• {{Cite news|title=Baker Club jewel |newspaper=Londonderry Sentinel |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=2 August 2014 |url=http://www.londonderrysentinel.co.uk/news/local/baker_club_jewel_1_2362239}}
• {{Cite book|last=Macaulay |first=Thomas Babington |author-link=Thomas Babington Macaulay |date=1855 |title=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second |volume=III |publisher=Longman Brown Greens & Longmans |location=London |oclc=1046525672 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/}} – 1689 to 1690
• {{Cite book|last=MacGeoghegan |first=James |author-link=James MacGeoghegan |date=1763 |title=Histoire de l'Irlande ancienne et modern, tirée des Monuments les plus authentiques |trans-title=History of Ancient and Modern Ireland |volume=Tome troisième |publisher=Antoine Boudet |location=Paris |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelirla01jamgoog/}} – 1558 to 1699
• {{Cite book|last=Mackenzie |first=John |date=1690 |title=A Narrative of the Siege of Londonderry |publisher=Richard Baldwin |location=London |oclc=220182259 |url=https://archive.org/details/nd3904626/}}
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• {{Cite book|last=McBride |first=Ian |date=1997 |title=The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |isbn=1-85182-299-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y41nAAAAMAAJ}}
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• {{Cite book|last=Walker |first=Rev. George |author-link=George Walker (soldier) |editor-last=Dwyer |editor-first=Rev. Philip |date=1893 |title=The siege of Londonderry in 1689, as set forth in the Literary Remains of Colonel the Rev. George Walker, D.D. |publisher=Robert Clavel & Ralph Simpson |location=London |oclc=79434854 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007050069}}
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• {{Cite book|last=Wills |first=Rev. James |author-link=James Wills (poet) |date=1841 |title=Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen, from the earliest times to the present period |chapter=David Cairnes. Born A.D. 1645—died 1722 |volume=III |publisher=MacGregor, Polson & Co |location=Dublin |pages=323–331 |oclc=1048786228 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/livesofillustrio03willuoft/page/323/}}
• {{Cite book|last=Witherow |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Witherow |date=1879 |title=Derry and Enniskillen in the Year 1689 |publisher=William Mallan & Son |location=London & Belfast |oclc=82779901 |url=https://archive.org/stream/derryandenniski01withgoog/}}

{{Refend}}

• [http://www.thesiegemuseum.org/ Website of the Siege Museum, 13 Society St, Londonderry]
• [http://www.cruithni.org.uk/feature/siege.html Book review: The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology]

• {{Cite book|editor-last=Hogan |editor-first=James |date=1934 |title=Négociations de M Le Comte D'Avaux en Irlande (1689–90) |publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission |location=Dublin |ref=none}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Joannon |first=Pierre |date=1993 |title=Jacques II et l'expédition d'Irlande d'après les dépêches du comte d'Avaux, ambassadeur extraordinaire de Louis XIV |journal=Études irlandaises |volume=18 |issue=2 |language=fr |pages=93–108 |doi=10.3406/irlan.1993.2920 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last=Mangan |first=H. |editor-last=O'Brien |editor-first=R. Barry |editor-link=Richard Barry O'Brien |title=Studies in Irish History, 1649–1775 |date=1903 |publisher=Browne and Nolan |location=Dublin |pages=201–250 |chapter=Sieges of Derry and Limerick |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinirishhi02obri/page/201/ |ref=none}}
• {{Cite book|editor-last=Mulloy |editor-first=Sheila |date=1983 |title=Franco-Irish Correspondence, December 1688 – February 1692 |volume=1 |publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission |location=Dublin |isbn=1874280320 |ref=none}}
• {{Cite book|editor-last=Mulloy |editor-first=Sheila |date=1984 |title=Franco-Irish Correspondence, December 1688 – February 1692 |volume=3 |publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission |location=Dublin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpBnAAAAMAAJ |ref=none}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Derry (1688)}}

Category:1688 in Ireland

Category:Battles of the Williamite War in Ireland

Category:History of Derry (city)

Category:Derry (city)

Category:Sieges involving Ireland